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            <description><![CDATA[RSS sustinut de Tocilar.ro. Click pentru a ne vizita.]]></description>
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            <title>About Families</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-about_families.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: In olden times the families where very big. Usually they had between 7 and 12 children. They live in harmony. Now the families are smaller. They have 1 or 2 children. But sometimes also they have 3 children. The parents have not time for them. They work very hard and lot. In the past that wasn t so. The children were helping their parents by the housework. When they have breakfast, lunch and dinner, they always eat together and they talk about the problems. The parents help the children by their problems. In our days it can happen that parents don t have time for the kids, they eat together but they don t communicate. That s a bad thing. And there is another problem. To days parents are sometimes very angry of each other, because they work a lot and they are very tired. It can happen that there is not much love lost between them and that can refer to a divorce. They should take care of the kid and stay friends. In the past this problem doesn t exist so much. They live happily and in love without big problems. Every family has sometimes-good days and sometimes-bad days.]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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        <item>
            <title>About Music</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-about_music.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: The mankind liked the sound of the music and the twitter of the birds, from the beginning. By the time the music has been develop, so in this state appeared many people with great talent beginning with Orpheus, and finishing with Luciano Pavarotti (born 1935, Italian operatic tenor) or George Gershwin (1898-1937, U. S. composer in whose works the frontiers between classical and light music spontaneously and naturally disappear). That s the reason why all the civilizations gave a big attention to the musical education. Around the music was borne a fantastic world of popular legends, with fabulous creatures and people. In Greek mythology the music was embodied in Euterpe (in classical myth the Muse of music and Lyric poetry, daughter of Zeus). The Greek and Roman mythology remembered in songs about Faunas an ancient woodland deity, (identified with the Greek god Pan) who was playing at the panpipes and the forest s nymphs were dancing around him. In our mythology persist a few of the legendary characters. So near Orpheus and Pan, appears Peacock hunk, which animates the forest playing at the whistle or leaf. If the kings loved the music played (automatically all the kingdom have to like the music) by the pilgrims, now everyone s opinions were divided. But music isn t all the same, so; from this reason the singers aren t the same. Every vocalist has his music stile; through he shows his thoughts, his feelings and his opinions about some people or things. The Austrian composer Joseph Haydn (1732-1809) is the father of symphony. In time he was composer and conductor at the court of a Magyar nobleman. Afterwards, he is settling at Vienna (the capital of Austria, in the NE part, on the Danube), city who attracted many musicians. He knew the glory to the end of his life. His creations had an impressive number of symphonies. Truthfulness, humor and love for nature are incorporated in Haydn s music. The Austrian composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart is one of the greatest creators in music histories. He was born at Strasbourg (a city in NE France, near the Rhine) in the summer of 1756. The first guidance are received from his father how was violoncellist and composer. Wonder-boy, Mozart is writing his first composition at four years old. Thought he lived only 35 years, he had created many masterpieces in all music kind: sonata, philharmonic, operas, concert. Another great compositor was the German Ludwig van Beethoven (Bonn, 1770-Vienna, 1827) over named The Titanic because his music expressed a stirred force. Beethoven defies the savage destiny for a musician: at 29 years old he remains deaf. But he doesn t give up, in this time Ludwig mannish to compose magnificent operas. The symphonies, philharmonics, vocal- symphonies, opera Fidelino, and plenty others, are immortal operas of his genius. But music didn t stop here. In centuries XIX-XX appeared new kind of music like: rock en roll, heavy metal, blues, hip-hop, house, etc. Every]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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        <item>
            <title>Adjectives</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-adjectives.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: derived from present participles (having this effect) : a singing bird, a boring trip, a drifting iceberg, a winding road, a horrifying scene. compounds: a) blue-grey (waves), greenish (stones), snow-white (petals), pitch-dark (cave), many-coloured (flowers). b) spiral-shaped (tower), narrow-laned (village), ten-storeyed (building), world-famous (theatre), dawn-cold (air). c) strange-looking (hut), soft-rustling (leaves), faint-glimmering (lighthouse), water-borne (trees), snow-bound (chalet). More about adjectives Let us take into consideration these two sentences: You seem to be more and more interested in this topic. The older the children, the bigger problems. They introduce the two double comparative constructions, both of which emphsize increase or decrease of intensity or effect: A) Gradual increase the or decrease by two comparatives joined by and: In winter the days are shorter and shorter and the nights are longer and longer. Last month she seemed less and less aware of the consequences, but now she proves to be more and more determined to win. I m afraid she feels worse and worse. B) Parallel increase is expressed by: The longer the nights (are), the shorter the days (are). The fewer sweets you ll eat, the thinner you ll be. The less she hears from him, the more worried she becomes. Look at the following groups of sentences. Can you spot the difference? This novel is as good as the one I lent you last week. Michael is as reliable as Tom. Problem 5 is as difficult as Problem 3. Her brother is as thin as a rake. The night was as black as pitch/coal. When he heard about the prize he was as merry as a cricket. A SIMILE is a expression which describes one thong by directly comparing it with another, using as as, like in the ordinary comparison of equality (group A) Sometimes the world like can also be part of simile. (a face like a mask) Conditionals If I were to chose, I would like something. (subjounctive (conditional Type I: It expresses something that may happen, depending, on a certain condition. PP present / future If it doesn t rain, we will go for a walk. (present (future Type II: It refers to something that contradict reality in the present. If I had a car, I would borrow it to you. (Past Subjounctive (Conditional Present (to be (were) (S+would+infinitive) Also introduced by: in case, suppose, supposing, unless. Type III: If you had been more careful, you wouldn t have lost your bag. (Past Perfect Subjounctive (Past Conditional ( (Past Perfect Ind) (S+would+have+P. Partc (S+had+Past Participle Gerund The Gerund is used: With such verbs as: to admit, to avoid, to begin, to continue, to delay, to deny, to dislike, to enjoy, to fancy, to forget, to forgive, to hate, to imagine, to keep (on), to like, to love, to mind, to miss, to omit, to postpone]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>Agatha Cristie Detective Fiction</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-agatha_cristie_detective_fiction.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: Short presentation of the plot why a whodunnit? Narative technique title and plot time and setting character building language and humour final word I. Introduction Agatha Christie is the most widely published writer of any time and in any language. Only the Bible and the plays of Shakespeare have sold more edition than the murder mysteries. One could ask, after reading the fragment quoted, a simple question: Why? and we believe that the answer to this question would make an eloquent introduction to the present paper. The XX-th century is coming to an end. Literature worldwide has experienced all kinds of narrative structures (if we are to refer only to prose) along the time, from the total omniscience to what was called the death of the author. There are literary works which are not accessible to every one. It is here a question of taste and also of culture. But the detective fiction has gained so wide an audience to read and most of all it is entertaining. Such texts are a challenge for the reader who involves mentally in the solving of the mysteries. It is therefore a chance to put your mind to work in a very pleasant way and it is also everybodys taste of adventure which finds here the atmosphere needed. Thus detective fiction becomes a refuge in the every days agitation and worries, a place full of danger but which is safer than any other place in the real world. People have the possibility to test their abilities of reasoning, of anticipating, inferring, and drawing conclusions in spite of the fact that they have at their disposal very little material. So, taking as key concepts some ideas: adventure, challenge, reasoning, meeting danger from the safe position of the reader, being finally morally rewarded by the punishment of the evil, we can understand why the detective fiction has so much success since its first apparition till nowadays. A very important thing when speaking about detective fiction is the fact that, in the end, the guilty person (s) is (are) discovered and the good always wins upon the evil. We should not forget the fact that, although it first appeared in the XIX-th century, detective fiction flourished after the two world wars, perhaps because then people felt the need to revenge the numerous crimes which had been committed against humanity. The satisfaction of seeing a murderer punished - even if it was only in a book - was after all soothing for so many frighten and terrified souls. II. Info data on detective fiction Definition Pattern General types of detective fiction Detective story is a work of fiction about a puzzling crime, a number of clues, and a detective who eventually solves the mystery. In most detective stories, the crime is murder and the clues lead to or away from the solution (Book of the world). The pattern of most detective stories is the same, whether the tale is a novel, a novelette or a short story. The author]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>Alice</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-alice.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: Lewis Caroll is a pseudonym of Charles Lutwidge Dodgson who was born on 27th January, 1832, in Daresbury, Chesire. He was a man of diverse interests: mathematics, logic, photgraphy, art, theater, religion, medicine, and science; he created puzzles, clever games, and charming letters for children. Lewis Caroll was educated at Richmond School in Yorkshire, Rugby School and Christ Church, Oxford. He went to Mr. Tates school at Richmond at age 12, his father having educated him until then. Carroll excelled in his studies and became the champion of the weak and small. He earned the reputation of a boy who knew how to use his fists in a righteous cause. After contributing with a story to the school magazine, Mr. Tate wrote to Mr. Dodgson that Charles had a very uncommon share of genius, and you may fairly anticipate for him a bright career. From Richmond, Carroll went to Rugby to further his education, and then on to Christ Church College, University of Oxford, his fathers college. According to the terms of the studentship, Carroll was to remain unmarried and proceed to holy orders. Several years later he was ordained a deacon, but he never proceeded to priests orders. Throughout his education, Carroll consistantly distinguished himself with honors, congratulations, and respect from his peers and mentors alike. He wrote: I am getting tired of being congratulated on various subjects; there seems to be no end of it. From 1855 to 1881 he was a mathematical lecturer at Oxford, where he was a somewhat eccentric and withdrawn character. He was the author of several mathematical treatises, including Euclid and His Modern Rivals (1879). Always a friend of children, particularly little girls, Carroll wrote thousands of letters to them, delightful flights of fantasy, many illustrated with little sketches. They have been collected and published as The Letters of Lewis Carroll (2 volumes, 1979) by Morton N. Cohen and Roger L. Green. Carroll gained an additional measure of fame as an amateur photographer. He became interested in photography in the infancy of this scientific art form. He was a man of infinite patience and one who paid attention to the smallest detail. These qualities were mandatory to be a photographer in the 1850s. He is considered one of the best amateur photographers of his time; he even invented the automatic camera. Most of his camera portraits were of children in various costumes and poses, including nude studies; he also did portraits of adults, including the actress Ellen Terry and the poets Alfred, Lord Tennyson and Dante Gabriel Rossetti. Apparently because his posing of children was criticized, he abandoned photography in 1880. His most famous works are Alices Adventures in Wonderland (published in 1865) and the sequel Alice Through the Looking-Glass and What Alice Found There (which appeared in 1871). The Alice stories, which have made the name Lewis Carroll famous throughout the world, and have been translated]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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        <item>
            <title>Alices Adventures In Wonderland</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-alices_adventures_in_wonderland.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: Some of the most lastingly delightful children s books in English are Alice s Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass. Here are what Albert Baugh write about them in A Literary History of England: Written by an eccentric Oxford don to amuse his little girlfriends, these two world-famous books are the best of all memorials of the Victorian love of nonsense. In them are elements of satire and parody which connect them with a long tradition, but they shot through with a quality distorted logic (for their author was a professional mathematician and logician) which is inimitable and unique. A story may be told either by one of the characters, or by an external narrator. To define by whom the narration is made is to define the point of view that the author has chosen for his story. In Alice s Adventures in Wonderland the narrator does not introduce himself as a character. Lewis Carroll uses 3rd person narrative. Yet, everything in the story is seen, heard or thought happens which she cannot sense, or in places where she is not present. This kind of point of view is called selective omniscience, that is the author knows everything, but only through one character s consciousness. Other books in which author uses the same point of view are Amintiri din copilarie and other novels written by the romanian writer Ion Creanga. In the end reader is told that everything has been a dream. There are a lot of elements which make up the dreamlike atmosphere. One of Carroll s favourite devices is the pun (play upon words) that is the humorous use of the same word in more than one sense, or of two different words similarly pronounced. For instance Mine is a long tale! said the Mouse. It is a long tail, certainly, said Alice, looking down with wonder at the Mouse s tail. If we read the story as an allegory we can find several hints regarding the society in Carroll s time, especially its political and legal systems.]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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        <item>
            <title>American Literature - Varianta 1</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-american_literature_varianta_1.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: American Literature: Drama, literature intended for performance, written by Americans in the English language. American drama begins in the American colonies in the 17th century and continues to the present. Most American plays of the 18th and 19th centuries strongly reflected British influence. In fact, no New York City theater season presented more American plays than British plays until 1910. The reasons behind this phenomenon are complex, but a common language and the ready availability of British plays and British actors offer the most obvious explanation. Although the British repertory dominated the American stage for so long, American drama had begun to diverge from British drama by the time of Andrew Jackson s presidency, from 1828 to 1836. British plays, which typically reflected the attitudes and manners of the upper classes, were by then in conflict with more egalitarian American values. Despite this growing divergence, British actors, theater managers, and plays continued to cross the Atlantic Ocean with regularity, and most American plays copied British models until the early 20th century. For this reason some critics claim that American drama was not born until the end of World War I (1914-1918). By the end of the 19th century American drama was moving steadily toward realism, illuminating the rough or seamy side of life and creating more believable characters. Realism remained the dominant trend of the 20th century in both comedies and tragedies. American drama achieved international recognition with the psychological realism of plays by Eugene O Neill and their searing investigation of characters inner lives. As the century advanced, the number of topics considered suitable for drama broadened to encompass race, gender, sexuality, and death. Because settlement was sparse and living conditions were arduous in the American colonies, little theatrical activity took place before the mid-18th century. The first-known English-language play from the colonies, Ye Bare and Ye Cubb (1665), is lost. The play s existence is known as a result of the controversy it aroused in the Virginia Colony, where a lawsuit was filed to prevent the play from opening. Several colonies had passed antitheater laws based on a Puritan belief that the seventh of the Ten Commandments prohibited dancing and stage plays. The oldest surviving American play is Androborus by Robert Hunter (1714). Hunter, the New York Colony s governor, published the cartoonish play as an attack on his political enemies, despite New York s antitheater law. Intended for a reading public rather than a viewing audience, it established a tradition of political satire that became common fare in American drama of the 1700s. Before more American plays had appeared, a company of British professional actors established a touring circuit in the 1750s with an all-British repertory. By the early 1760s this group was known as The American Company and American writers]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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        <item>
            <title>Anyone Who Is Serious About Literature Must Appreciate Poetry</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-anyone_who_is_serious_about_literature_must_appreciate_poetry.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: Literature can be seen as many things, but literature as a form of art is poetry. This does not mean that any piece of literature which is to be called literature must be in verse. That I know, yet I am not able to give a definition of poetry or literature. Just as I do not consider myself entitled to judge whether people are serious or not about literature, only by considering their taste in literature. My personal opinion is that ultimately everything converges to poetry. Only when we have learnt to see the poetry in the things that surround us, has our life found its meaning. All people are looking for all their lives, even if they are not aware of it, is perfection and this constant, neverending seek for the absolute is reflected in poetry.Poetry is the place where all the other forms of art meet: music and colours, sound and shapes become alive in poetry. I think we are all looking for ourselves when we read poetry. We are looking for a meaning to everything that happens  and that is why we tend to appreciate more the pieces of literature in which we recognise ourselves. And poetry is such a marvellous thing! Real poetry is always pure feeling and we can always recognise our own feelings in the rhythm of the words and their sound, in the images created and the ideas conveyed by the poet. The most diverse feelings and emotions are put into words in poetry: the joy of life and of love, as well as sadness and despair. I read a long time ago in one of Victor Hugos novels (Les Gens de la mer) that whenever you want to understand yourself and the world around you, all you have to do is take out the Bible and open it. It will always open at the right page. Since then every time I read something I ask myself, even if unconsciously, if Hugos theory is true and almost every time the answer is yes. Love is probably the most often explored theme in literature, because love is all we want and all we need. Merely speaking of love can turn everything into poetry. From a literary point of view, prose passages describing love can be just as poetic as any love poem. The exaltation in Aldous Huxleys novel, The Genius and the Goddess, as he describes a womans dual love, physical and spiritual, has touched me most deeply. So did John Donnes poem, The Extasie. I cannot think of more different views about love, especially physical passion, than these two; yet they are both poetry - praising the beauty of life, of God, of the world, of us. Only poetry can express fully the happiness of love in such words as those of Elizabeth Barret Browning, in her Sonnets from the Portuguese: How do I love thee? Let me count the ways.I love thee to the length and breadth and height My soul can reach when feeling out of sight For the ends of being and ideal grace. Despair and the sense of being lost and lonely in a universe of eternal suffering can equally be]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>Archicteture</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-archicteture.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: Charles Edouard Jeanneret, known as Le Corbusier, b. La Chaux-de-fonds, Switzerland, Oct. 6, 1887, d. 1965, was a Swiss-French architect who played a decisive role in the development of modern architecture. He first studied (1908-10) in Paris with August Perret, and then worked (1910) for several months in the Berlin studio of industrial designer Peter Behrens, where he met the future Bauhaus leaders Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Walter Gropius. Shortly after World War I, Jeanneret turned to painting and founded, with Amedee Ozenfant, the purist offshoot of cubism. With the publication (1923) of his influential collection of polemical essays, Vers une architecture (Towards a New Architecture, Eng. repr. 1970), he adopted the name Le Corbusier and devoted his full energy and talent to creating a radically modern form of architectural expression. In the 1920s and 30s, Le Corbusiers most significant work was in urban planning. In such published plans as La Ville Contemporaine (1922), the Plan Voisin de Paris (1925), and the several Villes Radieuses (1930-36), he advanced ideas dramatically different from the comfortable, low-rise communities proposed by earlier garden city planners. During this 20-year span he also built many villas and several small apartment complexes and office buildings. In these hard-edged, smooth-surfaced, geometric volumes, he created a language of what he called pure prisms-rectangular blocks of concrete, steel, and glass, usually raised above the ground on stilts, or pilotis, and often endowed with roof gardens intended to compensate for the loss of usable floor area at ground level. After World War II, Le Corbusier moved away from purism and toward the so-called new brutalism, which utilized rough-hewn forms of concrete, stone, stucco, and glass. Newly recognized in official art circles as an important 20th-century innovator, he represented (1946) France on the planning team for the United Nations Headquarters building in New York City-a particularly satisfying honor for an architect whose prize-winning design (1927) for the League of Nations headquarters had been rejected. Simultaneously, he was commissioned by the French government to plan and build his prototypical Vertical City in Marseille. The result was the Unite dHabitation (1946-52) -a huge block of 340 superimposed villas raised above the ground on massive pilotis, laced with two elevated thoroughfares of shops and other services and topped by a roof-garden gymnasium that contained, among other things, a sculptured playground of concrete forms and a peripheral track for joggers. His worldwide reputation led to a commission from the Indian government to plan the city of Chandigarh, the new capital of the Punjab, and to design and build the Government Center (1950-70) and several of the citys other structures. These poetic, handcrafted buildings represented a second, more humanistic phase in Le Corbusiers work that also was reflected in his]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>Are You For Or Against Abortioni</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-are_you_for_or_against_abortioni.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: Abortion is a subject that everybody talks about. Legal or illegal, abortions are made in the whole world, creating discussions even scandals on this theme. Firstly, any woman who gets an abortion doesn t do it because she wants to. For example, a case of rape or incest where a child is produced would be horrible for that woman to have the baby. It would be horrible for that woman giving love to a child that everytime she looks him/her in the face she will see half of the man who raped her. There are a lot of reasons a girl gets an abortion. For the example, the age is one reason, a girl can t have a baby when she is 15-16 years old because she is too young. The money is another reason. If a woman doesn t afford to have a baby, to bring up the child, then the solution is abortion. But the school permits to girls to continue their studies if they are pregnant, so that the age wouldn t be a strong argument for abortion. The development of medical science has provided us with a window to the womb showing us that a person is growing and developing in the mother s womb. With the help of the X-ray we can discern eyes, fingers, a nose, and a mouth. Our visual senses tell us that there is a child growing and maturing. There are Biblical arguments against abortion. First, children are viewed as a gift, as a bless from God. To get an abortion means that the woman takes the life of an unborn child, but this is the same as she takes a human being s life. Abortion is a sin even if the reason is rape or incest. If a baby comes out from one of these relationships then the solution is the adoption. The best solution against abortion is the contraception. Nowadays there are a lot of different ways that a woman can use for not being pregnant. She just has to search for information, although she would not know how to protect herself. Women want legalized abortion so that if they make a mistake and get pregnant they won t have to live with that mistake for the rest of their lives. Many men want legalized abortions for the same reason, because a woman gets pregnant with a man s help. The other truth is that God calls abortion sin and anyone who is involved in one will somebody answer to God for it. My opinion is that we should not use the abortion as a solution, we should be more careful. Women should protect themselves. I don t accuse women for doing abortions but I think that they should avoid abortions for their good, health and mental condition. Abortion is a sin and women should think about that when they are to do an abortion. Marisescu Bianca Cls a XI-a D]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>Are You For Or Against Tattooesi</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-are_you_for_or_against_tattooesi.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: There has been a great debate on the issue of getting a tattoo. Every culture in the world has had tattoos. Permanent or temporary, tattoos are in. Many people do not know whether tattoo themselves or not. Firstly, a design may be significant to you personally because of a decision or accomplishment you have made in your life. When you decide to live your life based on a certain set of principles, you can choose a design to signify that. When you decide to commit to a relationship with one person for the rest of your life, a tattoo can be a lifelong reminder. A heart with your lovers name can be romantic as long as your commitment lasts as long as the tattoo. You could choose a design with a military theme to commemorate completing your military training. Furthermore there are people whose job is to tattoo people. More and more states are requiring licensure or certification in order to practice the art of tattooing. In contrast, the number of people getting tattoos is very much impacted by the economy. Clearly, body art of any sort is not a necessity and can get dropped from peoples budgets during lean times. During those times, it is extremely hard to make a living as a tattoo artist. Recently, tattoos have become fashionable. Because of that you may like a certain design at specific place on your body. You might like tattoos because they tell something about you. A certain animal, flower or symbol may indicate something about your personality or values. Secondly, each person getting the same tattoo can cement the bond between you by being a reminder of your unique experience together. Whether you competed on a sports team, acted in a play, performed in a music group, or participated in a community action group, a tattoo can help you remember the experience and your common bond with the other people. On the other hand you have to think ahead when you choose a tattoo. There are many reasons why you might choose a tattoo, but try to think through the possible implications. For instance, you are not allowed to join the U. S. Army if you have certain types of tattoos, or tattoos in certain places on your body. Some companies will not hire you if you have visible tattoos. Your body changes shape as age and gravity take their toll, and your tattoo will change along with it. For this reason in the late years has appeared the tattoo which can be removed. Your priorities, values and relationships sometimes change as you get older and more mature, but tattoos do not, so that you should have a temporary tattoo; it will be better for you. My opinion is that we should not tattoo ourselves because the time passes and we are changing our way of thinking, our image and our body. Although I would never tattoo myself, I do not have anything with those who does it; it is their life and body and they are free to do whatever they want.]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>Argentina</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-argentina.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: The name Argentina comes from the latin argentum which means silver. The origin of the name goes back to the voyages made by the first Spanish conquistadors (conquerors) to the Rio de la Plata (Silver River). The shipwrecked survivors of the expedition mounted by Juan Diaz de Solis discovered indians in the region who presented them with silver objects. The news about the legendary Sierra del Plata, a mountain rich in silver, reached Spain around 1524. From this date the Portuguese named the river Solis, the Silver River. Two years later the Spanish used the same name. Since 1860 the official name of the country has been the Republica Argentina (Republic of Argentina). Located in the southern part of South America and thus in the southern hemisphere, Argentina has an area of almost 3. 8 million square kilometres, of which 2. 8 are on the continent and the remain in the Antarctic. It s length of 3800 kms goes from latitude 22 degrees to 55 degrees. It s frontier with Uruguay, Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia and Chile has a perimeter of 9. 376 kms and the coast, on the Atlantic Ocean, is 5. 117 kms long. The fundamental characteristic of Argentina is the enormous contrast between the immense eastern plains and the imposing mountain range of the Andes to the west. This is the frontier with Chile and has the highest peak in the west, the Aconcagua, 6 959 metres long. In it s passage from Jujuy to Tierra del Fuego the range presents marvellous contrasts, the plateaus of the nortwest, the lake region, the forest and the glaciers of the Patagonian Andes. To the north, Chaco is a forested area which follows the rivers Bermejo, Sabado and Pilcomayo. Between the Parana and Uruguay, the Mesopotamia Argentina (the provinces of Entre Rios, Corrientes and Misiones) is formed by low hills where pools and marshlands show the ancient courses of these great rivers. La Pampa, in the centre of Argentina, is the largest and best known area of plains. It has a large amount of agriculture and livestock and includes the provinces of Buenos Aires, La Pampa, the south of Santa Fe and the east of Cordoba. It s landscape is broken to the south by the small mountains of Tandil and La Ventana and to the west by the Cordoba mountain ranges. Towards the south, from the Andes to the sea, are the sterile and stony plateaus of Patagonia, swept by the wind during most of the year. The Atlantic coast, lined with high cliffs, forms massive indentations like the Valdes Peninsula, with it s spectacular and unique colonies of marine animals. POPULATION The curent population of Argentina is estimated to be some 36 million of which almost half live in the Federal Capital and the province of Buenos Aires. These figures give us a population density of 12. 9 inhabitants per square kilometre. 95 % of Argentineans are white and principally descendants of Italians and Spaniards. With the massive European immigration, the white and indian half castes became slowly diluted]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>Art</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-art.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: The Marriage of the Virgin (1504) by Raphael demonstrates the full understanding of linear perspective that had developed by the High Renaissance. Raphael was influenced by both Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, but his work has its own unique sense of balance and clarity. Madonna of the Goldfinch (1505) is an early example of the series of Madonnas that Raphael painted throughout his life. The influence of Leonardo da Vinci on Raphael can be seen in the way the faces are depicted and in the use of chiaroscuro (dark and light contrasts). However, Raphaels handling of dark and light is subtler than the chiaroscuro of Leonardos work. The School of Athens (1510-1511) is one several frescoes that Raphael painted for the Stanza della Segnatura, in the Vatican. The fresco, which depicts Plato and Aristotle (centre), as well as other ancient Greek philosophers and scholars, marks the mature style Raphael achieved during his years in Rome (1508-1520). The work is considered a masterpiece in the use of perspective and in the portrayal of the artistic ideals of the High Renaissance. Raphael Drawing Subtle shading, giving the illusion of voluptuous, rounded shape is characteristic of the work of Raphael. Like many other Renaissance drawings, this one, in red chalk, was probably a preparatory study for a future painting. Scala/Art Resource, NY Raphael (painter) (1483-1520) (properly, Raffaelo Sanzio), Italian painter who was one of the leading artists of the Italian Renaissance. He created many of the most significant paintings of the early 16th century and his art was extremely influential for centuries after his death. Raphael was born in Urbino on March 28 or April 6, 1483. His father, the artist Giovanni di Santi, worked mainly for Francesco Gonzaga in Mantua, and Raphael spent his youth in a courtly environment. In 1500, so Vasari records, Raphael was apprenticed to Perugino, a highly respected artist who was one of the first in Italy to paint extensively in oil. He employed pure strong colours for his figures, which were imbued with a particularly sweet air of piety, often setting them in landscapes infused with pale, shimmering light. Raphaels early paintings include large altarpieces as well as smaller works, both devotional and secular, many of them made for the court at Urbino. One such is a small panel painting, St George Slaying the Dragon (c. 1505, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D. C.); it seems to be connected with Guidobaldo da Montefeltros election to the Order of the Garter in 1504 and is remarkable for its miniature precision and the knowledge of the work of the Flemish painter Han Memling that it displays. Raphaels earliest large-scale paintings were executed in Citta di Castello, which was a days ride from Urbino. Works such as the Sposalizio (or Marriage of the Virgin) (1504, Brera, Milan) and the Coronation of the Virgin (c. 1503, Vatican Museum, Rome) demonstrate Peruginos influence in their]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>Artificial Intelligence Versus Human Intelligence</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-artificial_intelligence_versus_human_intelligence.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: First of all we have to clear up what does artificial intelligence means? If we take a regular computer magazine in their opinion is that intelligence that was created in an artificial media with the computer on first place. To have artificial intelligence we first need a model to create it. That model came from the old Mother Nature that has inspired us in many areas. Biology performs some of our most sophisticate computation and exhibits are robustness and adaptability uncharacteristic of our current generations of computers, but will be the characteristic base of the next generations of computers. One way of capitalizing on this realization is to learn and copy techniques from biology and apply them to building and improving our existing computational infrastructure. But we can also consider another agenda - that of replacing or augmenting the electronics/silicon substrate of modern computation with a living, biochemical substrate. Important engineering advantages include the (unique) capability of self-replication, a straightforward interface to the chemical world, and access to the most sophisticated nanostructural assembly system, the ribosome. But the achievement in this area proved not to be satisfied yet. In the eternal battle of creating the perfect robot, which assembles human nature, researchers have created the M2 robot, which is a humanoid that was made for walking research. Since the robot is focused purely on walking it is simply a torso and two legs. It has 12 active degrees of freedom powered by Series Elastic Actuators. In contrast to the other humanoid walking projects in Japan and Europe, control of M2 does not rely on the traditions from robotic arm research, which suggest stiffer is better. Instead, control of M2 is soft and concentrated on augmenting the natural dynamics of the robot rather than overriding them. In contrast with the humans intelligence the computers seem to have more success, because only with their help we can obtain all the precise calculations and the best results in all scientific fields. But on the other part the computers can t manage them self yet, and because of those put humans on the first place. All the discoveries that were made in the past 20-30 years changed our lives like any other discoveries since the wheel, and the most important on the fire. The astonishing speed of all this discoveries made them unreplaceable in our daily life. But where will all these inventions stops? When the Artificial Intelligence will take control all over mankind? And the relation master-servant will change in servant-master one? My opinion is that researchers should stop at the point near by the non-returnable way.]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>Astronomy The Moon</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-astronomy_the_moon.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: Called Luna by the Romans, Selene and Artemis by the Greeks, and many other names in other mythologies. The Moon, of course, has been known since prehistoric times. It is the second brightest object in the sky after the Sun. As the Moon orbits around the Earth once per month, the angle between the Earth, the Moon and the Sun changes; we see this as the cycle of the Moons phases. The time between successive new moons is 29. 5 days (709 hours), slightly different from the Moons orbital period (measured against the stars) since the Earth moves a significant distance in its orbit around the Sun in that time. Due to its size and composition, the Moon is sometimes classified as a terrestrial planet along with Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. The Moon was first visited by the Soviet spacecraft Luna 2 in 1959. It is the only extraterrestrial body to have been visited by humans. The first landing was on July 20, 1969 (do you remember where you were?); the last was in December 1972. The Moon is also the only body from which samples have been returned to Earth. In the summer of 1994, the Moon was very extensively mapped by the little spacecraft Clementine. Lunar Prospector is now in orbit around the Moon. The gravitational forces between the Earth and the Moon cause some interesting effects. The most obvious is the tides. The Moons gravitational attraction is stronger on the side of the Earth nearest to the Moon and weaker on the opposite side. Since the Earth, and particularly the oceans, is not perfectly rigid it is stretched out along the line toward the Moon. From our perspective on the Earths surface we see two small bulges, one in the direction of the Moon and one directly opposite. The effect is much stronger in the ocean water than in the solid crust so the water bulges are higher. And because the Earth rotates much faster than the Moon moves in its orbit, the bulges move around the Earth about once a day giving two high tides per day. But the Earth is not completely fluid, either. The Earths rotation carries the Earths bulges get slightly ahead of the point directly beneath the Moon. This means that the force between the Earth and the Moon is not exactly along the line between their centers producing a torque on the Earth and an accelerating force on the Moon. This causes a net transfer of rotational energy from the Earth to the Moon, slowing down the Earths rotation by about 1. 5 milliseconds/century and raising the Moon into a higher orbit by about 3. 8 centimeters per year. (The opposite effect happens to satellites with unusual orbits such as Phobos and Triton). The asymmetric nature of this gravitational interaction is also responsible for the fact that the Moon rotates synchronously, i. e. it is locked in phase with its orbit so that the same side is always facing toward the Earth. Just as the Earths rotation is now being slowed by the Moons influence so in the distant past the Moons rotation was slowed by the]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>Aventurile Lui Hukleberry Finn</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-aventurile_lui_hukleberry_finn.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: -summary of the novel: Huck escapes from the lonely cabin in which his drunken, brutal father had imprisoned him. On Jackson s island he meets Jim, a runaway slave. Together they float down the Mississippi River on a raft, occasionally stopping at the banks. In these brief episodes, Huck participates in the lives of others, witnessing corruption, moral decay, and intellectual impoverishment. He learns from Jim of the dignity and worth of a human being. Life on the river comes to an end when Jim is captured. Huck, reunited with Tom Sawyer, helps him to escape, subordinating society s morality to his own sense of justice and honour. The youth experience of the novelist is presented in the work The adventures of huckleberry finn, novel about life on the Mississippi. The Southern traditions, the situation of the Negro slaves, the life during the XIXth century in the South of the United States, all is presented in a humorous but full of understanding manner. The following excerpt from Chapter 16 dwells on Huck s rather pragmatic behaviour in a very dramatic situation. As the raft taking him and Jim downstream approaches the mouth of the Ohio River, Jim grows more and more excited because he believes that when he can head up the Ohio he will be out of slave, and therefore be free. Huck, in his turn, begins to realize for the first time that he is actually helping a slave to escape. His conscience, formed by the mid-19th century American Southern society, goads him until he decides he will turn Jim in as a runaway slave. But when he is faced with the actual situation of having to inform on Jim to two Negro hunters, Huck finds himself unable to carry out his abominable plan and improvises an elaborate story that makes them believe there is smallpox on the raft. By enlisting himself in Jim s cause, Huck becomes a self-proclaimed social outlaw. He goes through two moral crises in which he is denounced by his conscience, but he finally decides to go to Hell that is to defy the laws of God and of man and to stay loyal to Jim who has by now become his alter ego. The novel is written in the first person narrative, thus the feelings of the main character (Huck himself) are expressed more directly, offering the whole story authenticity and freshness. The scene presenting Huck s inner struggle is very impressive and of a peculiar dramatism. Huck leaves his raft feeling sick, disgusted with himself and with the idea of cheating his friend so cruelly. Still, he thinks it is his duty to inform the authorities. Very soon, he meets two men in a skiff. The men are white, they carry guns and they are looking for runaway niggers. When he is asked if there are any men on his raft, Huck answers that there is only one. At this point he still doesn t know what to do. But when he is asked if his man is white or black, he hesitates for a while, trying to brace up and out with it. The clash between his feelings of friendship towards Jim on one hand, and his]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>A Funny Event</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-a_funny_event.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: A couple years ago I was at my grandma because I used to go every summer at her. Every summer I and all my friends are gathering together after the school ends and every year we had a lot of fun, but that year was special because every day we had a lot of fun. In a beautiful day we gathered together and we had nothing to do, we just hung around. We all were thinking what we could do. Then, one of us said: We can play football. Therefore we went at the football field. We played football a few hours but after that we got tired. Then we all went home to eat and after that we gathered again. Because we weren t so many, we thought better and finally we approved to go to steal cherries from an old man. This man was staying far away from us and because of that we took our bikes and left. In our way one of us fell in the river with his bike. We all started to laugh and after that Dan came on the road with his bike and we continued our way. We finally arrived at that place. It was almost 7 o clock. We entered in the man s garden and we arrived at the cherry tree. We ate a lot but once we heard: Who is there? Then we all were scared and didn t know where to go and hide. Alex was in the tree and when he heard the man s voice he fell from the tree. The same Dan even he heard the man didn t leave because the bag wasn t full with cherries. I left from there as fast as I could and hide. I saw that man came and I felt like sneezing. I didn t know what to do. Finally we all managed to get out from there, except Dan. We were scared and turned back. The man was running after Dan, but he still had the bag with him. He managed to escape and we all left from there laughing. We were lucky because when the man came was already dark and he didn t manage to see our face, maybe only Dan s. We arrived at our place and started to eat. The bag was full. It remained for the next day too. Next morning when we met we heard that some children stole cherries from Mr. Popescu and we were asking: Who those boys could be?]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>A Sea Faring Mystery</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-a_sea_faring_mystery.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: The name Mary Celeste has become synonymous with concepts like The ghost ship from Scooby Doo, but it endures as a true and tragic tale of the sea. The story begins on Nov. 4, 1872, with a friendly dinner engagement between old friends Captain Morehouse and Captain Benjamin Spooner Briggs. Morehouse was captain of the English cargo ship Dei Gratia, while Briggs commanded the American brig Mary Celeste. The two vessels happened to be moored at neighboring piers on New Yorks East River and the Mary Celeste was due to set sail the next day. A month and a day later, the Dei Gratia crew spotted a two-masted brig sailing rather erratically in an area of the North Atlantic between the Azores and the coast of Portugal. After attempts at signaling the unknown vessel failed, Morehouse cautiously brought his ship near the other to investigate. He was more than alarmed to discover that the mystery ship was none other than the Mary Celeste. Inspection revealed that the Mary Celeste was deserted. Captain Briggs, his wife and daughter and the ships seven-member crew were nowhere to be found. The lifeboat was missing but all the crews belongings were still safely secured in their quarters, implying a rather hasty evacuation of the ship. Two of the ships cargo hatches had been ripped off and one cask of crude alcohol had been severely damaged. The ship had taken on a great deal of water below deck and two sails were missing, but it was still quite seaworthy. The last entry in the general log of the Mary Celeste was dated Nov. 25-it had sailed without crew for some nine days and managed to travel 700 miles northeast during that time. Morehouses first mate suggested that they might salvage the Mary Celeste and collect the sizable salvage fee as a result. Morehouse was somewhat apprehensive, but soon agreed. The Mary Celeste was known to be an unlucky ship. Her first captain passed away within 48 hours of her original dedication under the name Amazon. Her maiden voyage found the ship suffering hull damage as a result of hitting a fishing weir. Although she later survived fire and a collision in the Straits of Dover that sank the other vessel involved, her fourth captain accidentally grounded her on Cape Breton Island. Eventually, the boat was salvaged, repaired and renamed Mary Celeste. The Mary Celeste arrived in Gibraltar under its own sails Dec. 13, 1872, right alongside the Dei Gratia. Unfortunately, British officials in Gibraltar suspected some plot between American captains Morehouse and Briggs to scuttle the Mary Celeste in order to claim the salvage fee. Another hypothesis for the ships condition was a crew mutiny following a night of drinking. Puritan crew The British Admiralty Court eventually concluded both outcomes were unlikely. Briggs was a co-owner of the Mary Celeste and stood to lose money in a salvage plot. He was a well-liked captain and as a New England Puritan, maintained a dry ship. The only alcohol on board]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>Beowulf - Varianta 1</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-beowulf_varianta_1.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: Beowulf is the longest and the most famous anglo-saxon poem. It was composed in Sweeden and Denmark. From there the invading vikings brought it over Britain. The eipc of Beowulf was written down in old english in the 10-th century. Beowulf with some valiant Goth comes to the help of Hrotgar, king of the danes whos place at Heorot is wasted by the nightly attacks of Geandel, a giant ogre. Every night Grendel emerges from his lair in the marshes beneath the diffs in order to seize and devour one of the kings companions. In a terible hand to hand struggle Beawulf tears off an arm of the monster, who is mortally wounded and flees to his den, where upon all is joy in victory and deliverance. But Grendels mother, avanges his son. She renews the attacks on Heorot, and Beowulf resolves to go forth to fight her in her home. Diving after her into the waters of a sinister lake, he meets her in combat in the cave in which he duells beneath the water. When he is all but worster he seizes a magic sword which hangs on the wall and plunges it in the body of the fearful beast, and then, when the danes believe that he has already fallen a victim to his daring he returns to Heorot in triumph, bearing Grendels gigantic head. He becomes king of the Goth and reigns over them gloriously for 50 yaers. But some jewls are stolen from an ancient treasure guarded by a dragon, who sets out in fury, devastate the kings realm, burning with his flaming and pentilential breath all that lies in his path. Beowulf slays the dragon and saves his people but he is himself mortally wounded during the incounter by the monster venomous teeth and he dies nobly consoled by the thought that he has sacrificed himself for his subject and that he is giving back to them the incomparable treasure which has been in dragons keeping. He has however been forsaken during the fight by all his worriors but one and great evils are prophesied for the Goth bereft of their king. Beowulf embodiess mens desire to fight evil, dragons, to overcome monsters. He survives his struggle with Grendel, the monster who hates mankind and kills people for pleasure, the symbol of physical evil. He also overcomes moral evil, embodied by dragons mother. Beowulf victory over her, the source of physical evil, is more difficult. The dragon is the most teriffing evil, the last one death. He is the ultimate evil man must face. Beowolf defeats the dragon but dies himself, to show that metaphysical evil can be opposed but very rarely overcome. The poem is written in vers (about 3200 lines) but the sound patterns are also very important. Alliteration, repeating and playing on the same letter, is a very old device in english vers. In old english poetry, alliteration was a continual and essential part of the metrical scheme until the late Middle Ages. Assonance, sometimes called vocalic rhyme is the repeatition of similar vowel sounds, usually close together. The poem has a theme that is often]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>Bleack House</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-bleack_house.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: Charles Dickens was born on February 7, 1812 at Lamport, Portsmouth, being the second of the eight children of John Dickens, a clerk in the Naval Pay Office. John Dickens work took him from place to place, so that Charles spent his childhood in Portsmouth, London and Chatham. In 1823 the family moved to London, faced with financial disaster. To help his family, Charles began to work before he was twelve. His first work, Sketches by Boz, appeared in magazines soon after he was twenty-one, and in a volume after three years. In 1834 Dickens joined the reporting staff of the Morning Chronicle. All the years between 1837 (The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club) and 1865 (Our Mutual Friend) were intensely creative for the author of twelve of the best known novels in English literature: The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club (1837), Oliver Twist (1838), Nicholas Nickleby (1838-1839), Martin Chuzzlewit (1843-1844), Dombey and Son (1846-1848), David Copperfield (1849-1850), Bleak House (1852-1853), Hard Times (1854), Little Dorrit (1855-1857), Great Expectation (1860-1861), and Our Mutual Friend (1864-1865). Charles Dickens died on June 9, 1870, after he had suffered a stroke at the end of a full days work. Most of Charles Dickens novels are centered around a character, seen from his childhood to his maturity. Bleak House is different because, although it has a great number of characters, it centers around an institution, the High Court of Chancery, the delays and costs of which bring misery and ruin to its suitors. The novel opens with a description of London in November. Fog appears both actual in the London streets and symbolic in the bleak building which houses the Court of Chancery, an institution which is the very opposite of a real court, where order and justice are the key words. Instead, the words used by Dickens with reference to the city and the court are fog and mud. London is covered with fog and mud, the sun has died. Everything is dark and the people move automatically, like dummies, through mud and fog. Fog covers everything: the city, the people, the whole country. There is no escape from this cold, dark, which penetrates even the Court of Chancery. The intensity of the groping atmosphere is at its highest point: there are numerous lawyers and petitioners and, above all, the Lord High Chancellor with foggy glory round his head. But the Court of Chancery is not only an obscure and gloomy institution, it is also a network of relations among various people at all levels of the society; which has its decaying houses and lands in every district; which has its lunatic in every madhouse and its dead in every churchyard; which has its ruined suitor, borrowing and begging through the round of every mans acquaintance; Reading this fragment we may observe the quality of the words and the arrangement of the sentences. The first paragraph contains sentences without a predicate]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>Cheynni History</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-cheynni_history.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: Nothing in the Cheyenne legends recalls migration to the North American Continent. Rather it was believed that the first Cheyenne lived under ground and were led to the surface by one fo their more adventuresome people, who, following a small source of light, discovered the world above them. It is suspected the Cheyenne were originally from North of the Missouri River on a large lake. They occupied a region populated by the Algonquire speaking people. They originally appear in historical records on a map drawn about 1673. More definite is a visit of a group of Indians, named Chao or Cheyenne to La Salle while he was building Fort Chevecoeur on the Illinois in February, 1680. By the end of the 1700 s the Cheyenne had migrated to the Sheyenne River in eastern North Dakota. When or why the Cheyenne moved farther up the Minnesota River and ultimately to the Sheyenne River is unknown, probably due to the pressure from the Sioux or Assimiboin. They lived more than half a century on the Sheyenne, their principal village, containing about 70 lodges was located on the south bank of an old channel of the river, about 12 miles south of Lisbon, Ranstom County, North Dakota. While there they acquired horses and mortal knives, but still did not have guns. Armed with the bow and arrow and lance, the Cheyenne soon came to depend on the vast buffalo herds supplementing their diet of beans corn and squash. It is estimated they acquired horses about 1750. By the early 1800 s, the Cheyenne ranged widely to the southwest of the Missouri River. A french trader Persime Metuc noted that, although the Cheyenne wandered the greatest part of the year, they towed, near their cottages (the Cheyenne built earth lodges to live in, some more than 40 in diameter) maize (corn) and tobacco, which they came to reap at the beginning of the autumn. When the Lewis and Clark Expedition came upon the Cheyenne along the Missouri River about 1804, their members were estimated at about 300-400 fighting men, but Clark did not come in contact with the whole tribe, which meant the tribe numbered between 1400 and 1600 persons. He described the Cheyenne as rich in horses and dogs, the dogs carry a great deal of their light baggage. They confess to be at war with no nation except the Sioux against whom they had been fighting defensive wars for as long as they could remember. Once the Cheyenne were on the plains, saped cultural changes took place. After only two generations, Cheyenne living in 1804-1806 near present day s Scott Bluff, ME, on the North Plane River had completely adjusted to the new environment. Rivalries developed between bands as their number rose and fell. Antagonism between band members and chiefs finally led to the tribe dividing into the Northern and Southern divisions, seemingly by individual choice. The Cheyenne removal to the Arkansas River did not bring peace to the tribe. The early and mid 1830 s were a time of widespread intertribal wars on the]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>Christmas History Poems Traditions</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-christmas_history_poems_traditions.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: Outside every tree, every house evrything is white. It s snowing with tiny little starsof ice, it s snowing with I don t know maybe with love or hope. Today is on 24th of December. In our house the hope is in the air and kindness is in soul and gives us the change to be like He was a honest pure man. The Christmas is in the dining room. We decorate it with bulbs tinsel and in the top of the tree ther is a big star, which symbolises that God is watching us from heaven and that he helps and forgives us. We just stay and sing together. We feel that harmony is inside us, in everyone that celebrates Christmas today. We hope that Santa is coming tonight and tomorrow morning and under the Christmas tree there ll be a lot of presents! Today is on 25th December. I have been waiting this day from last year. I think thatis the only day when you can forgive every thing. For me Christmas keeps the future bright, love in our souls and gives us the chanche to be happy! Maybe for you Christmas means presents or something like that, but it isn t only this joy! He was born in that time and he saved us! It s snowing outside and it s dark. The snow covered the whole town. I m sitting here at this table. I ve been thinking that we are the luckiest persons on Earth because we celebrate Christmas in this day. Christmas poems Christmas is coming The geese are getting fat Please put a penny In the old man s hat If you haven t got a penny A ha penny will do If you haven t got a ha penny Then God bless you! Christmas celebration Christmas is a very important holiday for Christmas. It s the day that celebrates the birth of Jesus Christ. The name of this holiday is a short form of Chris s Mass a church service in honour of Christ. People give presents to one another because the Three Kings (The Magi) brought presents to the baby Christ. Christmas sing songs colled carols wich tell about Christ s birth. Christmas is the day when children got presents from Santa Clous. On Christmas Eve, with December, Santa Clous drives throught the sky in a sleigh drawn by light reindeer. He came down the chimneys, leaves the presents and goes on. Santa Clous is dressed in red clothes trimened with fur and has a snow white beard and moustache. Do you know that? Santa Clous legend started in Turkey. Nicholas was akind bishop who helped the poor and the young children. It is said that one day a poor girl found a bag of gold in her stocking that had been hung out to dry, put there by Nicholas, and so the Christmas started. Father Christmas-was originaly created by the Vikings. This legend later interwined with the legend of St. Nicholas. So in the very beginning the Vikings dressed up an old man to represent winter. In order to gain the favours of nature they were supposed to be kind and hospitable to Father Christmas. Christmas tree-originaly came from Germany. Pegan tree worship was very popular in this country in the 9th century. Carols-thesebegan in]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>Christmas Traditions - Varianta 1</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-christmas_traditions_varianta_1.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: From old English Cristes maesse (Christs Mass), older still, Yule, from the Germanic root geol. In some languages: The traditional Christmas is not a single day but a prolonged period, normally from 24th December to 6th January. This included the New Year, thus increasing the festival value of Christmas. Magi From old Persian language, a priest of Zarathustra (Zoroaster). The Bible gives us the direction, East and the legend states that the wise men were from Persia (Iran) - Balthasar, Melchior, Caspar - thus being priests of Zarathustra religion, the mages. Obviously the pilgrimage had some religious significance for these men, otherwise they would not have taken the trouble and risk of travelling so far. But what was it? An astrological phenomenon, the Star? This is just about all we know about it. Christmas card The practice of sending Christmas greeting cards to friends was initiated by Sir Henry Cole in England. The year was 1843 and the first card was designed by J. C. Horsley. It was commercial - 1000 copies were sold in London. An English artist, William Egley, produced a popular card in 1849. From the beginning the themes have been as varied as the Christmas customs worldwide. Star The astrological/astronomical phenomenon which triggered the travel of the Magi to give presents to child Jesus. Variously described as a supernova or a conjunction of planets it supposedly happened around the year 7 BC - the most probable true birth year of Christ. Star is often put to the top of the Christmas tree. Christmas Day The traditional date for the appearance of Santa Claus, obviously from the birthdate of Jesus (the word Christmas is from old English, meaning Christs mass). This date is near the shortest day of the year, from old times an important agricultural and solar feasting period in Europe. The actual birthday of Jesus is not known and thus the early Church Fathers in the 4th century fixed the day as was most convenient. The best fit seemed to be around the old Roman Saturnalia festival (17 - 21 December), a traditional pagan festivity with tumultuous and unruly celebrations. Moreover, in 273 Emperor Aurelianus had invented a new pagan religion, the cult of Sol Invictus (invincible sun, the same as the Iranian god Mithra), the birthday of this god being 25th December (natalis sol invicti). The Christian priests obviously saw this choice as doubly meritorious: using the old customary and popular feasting date but changing the rough pagan ways into a more civilized commemoration. The first mention of the birthday of Jesus is from the year 354. Gradually all Christian churches, except Armenians (celebrating 6th January which date is for others the baptismal day of Jesus and the day of the three Magi), accepted the day. In American/English tradition the Christmas Day itself is the day for Santa, in German/Scandinavian tradition the Christmas Eve is reserved for presents. Christmas symbolics Candles, fires:]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>Colorado River Grand Canyon</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-colorado_river_grand_canyon.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: Immense gorge cut by the Colorado River into the high plateaus of northwestern Arizona, U. S., noted for its fantastic shapes and coloration. The broad, intricately sculptured chasm of the Grand Canyon contains between its outer walls a multitude of imposing peaks, buttes, canyons, and ravines. It ranges in width from about 0. 1 to 18 miles (0. 2 to 29 km) and extends in a winding course from the mouth of the Paria River, near the northern boundary of Arizona, to Grand Wash Cliffs, near the Nevada line, a distance of about 277 miles (446 km). The canyon includes many tributary side canyons and surrounding plateaus. The deepest and most impressively beautiful section, 56 miles (90 km) long, is within Grand Canyon National Park, which encompasses the rivers length from Lake Powell to Lake Mead. In its general colour, the canyon is red, but each stratum or group of strata has a distinctive hue-buff and gray, delicate green and pink, and, in its depths, brown, slate-gray, and violet. At 8, 200 feet (2, 500 m) above sea level, the North Rim is 1, 200 feet (350 m) higher than the South Rim. The first sighting of the Grand Canyon by a European is credited to the Francisco Coronado expedition of 1540 and subsequent discovery to two Spanish priests, Francisco Garces and Silvestre Velez de Escalante, in 1776. In the early 1800s trappers examined it, and sundry government expeditions exploring and mapping the West began to record information about the canyon. By the 1870s, following the exploration of John Wesley Powell and others, extensive reports on the geography, geology, botany, and ethnology of the area were being published. Grand Canyon National Park, now containing 1, 904 square miles (4, 931 square km), was created in 1919. Its area was greatly enlarged in 1975 by the addition of the former Grand Canyon National Monument and Marble Canyon National Monument and by portions of Glen Canyon National Recreation Area, as well as other adjoining lands. The North and South rims are connected by a 215-mile- (346-kilometre-) long paved road and by a transcanyon trail. Scenic drives and trails lead to all important features. Mule-pack trips down the canyon and rides down the river in rafts and power-driven craft are intensively sought-after ways of viewing and experiencing the vast beauty of the canyon. Many pueblo and cliff-dweller ruins, with accompanying artifacts, indicate prehistoric occupation. There are five Indian tribes living on nearby reservations. Although its awesome grandeur and beauty are the major attractions of the Grand Canyon, perhaps its most vital and valuable aspect lies in the time scale of Earth history that is revealed in the exposed rocks of the canyon walls. No other place on Earth compares with the Grand Canyon for its extensive and profound record of geologic events. The canyons record, however, is far from continuous and complete. There are immense time gaps; many millions of years are unaccounted for by gaps in the]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>Constantin Brancusi</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-constantin_brancusi.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: Constantin Brancusi, is a famous Romanian sculptor (b. 1876 Hobita-Pestisani, Gorj, Romania - d. 1957 Paris, France), one of the first great creators in the modern art. In 1894 he entered the Craftsmanships School in Craiova, to go then to the National Fine Arts School in Bucharest (1898-1902), where, for a short while, he studied with Professor Ion Georgescu and then with Vladimir C. Hegel. While a student, he sculpted the bust of Gheorghe Chitu, and a Head of expression and made several reproductions: the Ecorche (together with Dr. Gerota), Vitellius, Laocoons head. In 1902 he sculpted Georgescu-Gorjans bust, and one year later he realised General Dr. Carol Davilas bust, which, in 1912, was to be located in the courtyard of the Bucharest Armys Hospital. In 1904, after going through Budapest, Vienna, Munich (to stay there for a while), and Switzerland, he would eventually arrive in Paris. In France, thanks to a grant received in 1905, he was able to enrol at the Ecole des Beaux Arts, Antonin Mercies class. In 1907 he was admitted for practicing at Rodins studio. It would not be for long because, out of too much pride and self-confidence, he would leave Rodins studio, to say of his master that he was a tree in the shadow of which no grass would grow. It was then that Brancusi carved Nicolae Darascus portrait, Head of A Boy, Agony (1906), and the Prayer and Petre Stanescus portrait, these latter being ordered as a tombstone at Buzau (1907). From that time on he would be almost certain of what he was going to do. A delicate shaping, reacting to light, takes him away from the Impressionism -like effects (Rodin) to standing, in the context of just manifesting rationalistic trends such as Cubism, the trial of finding the essential, the non-perishable, the moment escapable elements. Creations such as Cumintenia pamantului/The Wisdom of the Earth, a first version of the Kiss (1907), Somnul/The Sleep (1908), Muza adormita/The Sleeping Muse (1909-1910), Pasarea maiastra (1910), Prometeu/Prometheus (1911), Domnisoara Pogany/Miss Pogany (the 1912-1933 series), Primul pas/The First Step (1913) point to his preferences for archaic art values, for the Black and Maori tribes art. It was about this time that he made friends with Amedeo Modigliani. Painter Henri Rousseau, one of his friends, prophesied when telling to Brancusi: . You made the ancient be modern. His fame spread and success waited for him in New York. He travelled to the USA in 1913 for participating in the International Exhibition of Modern Art (see the Armory Show). Thanks to Alfred Stieglitz and Edward Steichen, he would be able to open at Photo Secession Gallery his first personal exhibition. He would join the group exhibitions organized by the Artistic Youth, the Romanian Art, Contimporanul, etc. Young artists would visit his Paris studio and work there: Irina Codreanu, Milita Petrascu, Constantin Antonovici, Isamu Noguchi, George Teodorescu. Brancusi was in search]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>Culture And Civilization</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-culture_and_civilization.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: Renaissance, period of European history that saw a renewed interest in the arts and in the classical past. The Renaissance began in 14th-century Italy and had spread to the rest of Europe by the 16th and 17th centuries. In this period, the fragmented feudal society of the Middle Ages, with its agricultural economy and Church-dominated intellectual and cultural life, was transformed into a society increasingly dominated by central political institutions, with an urban, commercial economy and lay patronage of education, the arts, and music. The term renaissance, meaning literally rebirth, was first employed in 1855 by the French historian Jules Michelet to refer to the discovery of the world and of man in the 16th century. The great Swiss historian Jakob Burckhardt, in his classic The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (1860), expanded on Michelet s conception. Defining the Renaissance as the period between the Italian painters Giotto and Michelangelo, Burckhardt characterized the epoch as nothing less than the birth of modern humanity and consciousness after a long period of decay. Modern scholars have exploded the myth that the Middle Ages were dark and dormant. The thousand years preceding the Renaissance were filled with achievement. Because of the scriptoria (writing rooms) of medieval monasteries, copies of the work of Latin writers such as Virgil, Ovid, Cicero, and Seneca survived. The legal system of modern continental Europe had its origin in the development of civil and canon law in the 12th and 13th centuries. Renaissance thinkers continued the medieval tradition of grammatical and rhetorical studies. In theology, the medieval traditions of Scholasticism, Thomism, Scotism, and Ockhamism were continued in the Renaissance. Medieval Platonism and Aristotelianism were crucial to Renaissance philosophical thought. The advances of mathematical disciplines, including astronomy, were indebted to medieval precedents. The schools of Salerno in Italy, and Montpellier in France, were noted centres of medical studies in the Middle Ages. See also Astronomy; Medicine; Philosophy. Characteristics The Italian Renaissance was above all an urban phenomenon, a product of cities that flourished in central and northern Italy, such as Florence, Ferrara, Milan, and Venice. It was the wealth of these cities that financed Renaissance cultural achievements. The cities themselves, however, were not creations of the Renaissance, but of the period of great economic expansion and population growth during the 12th and 13th centuries. Medieval Italian merchants developed commercial and financial techniques, such as bookkeeping and bills of exchange. The creation of the public debt, a concept unknown in ancient times, allowed these cities to finance their territorial expansion through military conquest. Their merchants controlled commerce and finance across Europe. This fluid mercantile society contrasted sharply with the rural, tradition-bound]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>Daniel Defoe - Varianta 1</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-daniel_defoe_varianta_1.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: Defoe, Daniel (1660? -1731), English novelist and journalist, whose work reflects his diverse experiences in many countries and in many walks of life. Besides being a brilliant journalist, novelist, and social thinker, Defoe was a prolific author, producing more than 500 books, pamphlets, and tracts. Defoe was born in London about 1660, the son of a candle merchant named Foe. Daniel added De to his name about 1700. He was educated for the Presbyterian ministry but decided in 1685 to go into business. He became a hosiery merchant, and his business gave him frequent opportunities to travel throughout western Europe. An opponent of the Roman Catholic King James II, in 1685 Defoe took an active part in the unsuccessful rebellion led by the Duke of Monmouth against the king. In 1692 his business went into bankruptcy, but subsequently he acquired control of a tile and brick factory. He obtained a government post in 1695 and the same year wrote An Essay upon Projects, a remarkably keen analysis of matters of public concern, such as the education of women. Especially noteworthy among his writings during the next several years was the satiric poem The True-born Englishman (1701), an attack on beliefs in racial or national superiority, which was directed particularly toward those English people who resented the new king, William III, because he was Dutch. The following year Defoe anonymously published a tract entitled The Shortest Way with the Dissenters, which satirized religious intolerance by pretending to share the prejudices of the Anglican church against Nonconformists. In 1703, when it was found that Defoe had written the tract, he was arrested and given an indeterminate term in jail. Robert Harley, the speaker of the House of Commons, secured his release in November 1703, probably on the condition that he agree to become a secret agent and public propagandist for the government. During his imprisonment Defoes business had been ruined, so he turned to journalism for his livelihood. From 1704 to 1713 he issued a triweekly news journal entitled The Review, for which he did most of the writing. Its opinions and interpretations were often independent, but generally, The Review leaned toward the government in power. Defoe wrote strongly in favor of union with Scotland, and his duties as secret agent may have entailed other activities on behalf of union, which was achieved in 1707. In 1709 he wrote a History of the Union. Defoes first and most famous novel, The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, of York, Mariner, appeared in 1719, when he was almost 60 years old. The book is commonly known as Robinson Crusoe. A fictional tale of a shipwrecked sailor, it was based on the adventures of a seaman, Alexander Selkirk, who had been marooned on one of the Juan Fernandez Islands off the coast of Chile. The novel, full of detail about Crusoes ingenious attempts to overcome the hardships of the island, has become one of]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>Declaration Of Independence</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-declaration_of_independence.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: Declaration of Independence, in United States history, a document proclaiming the independence of the 13 British colonies in America, adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776. The declaration recounted the grievances of the colonies against the British crown and declared the colonies to be free and independent states. The proclamation of independence marked the culmination of a political process that had begun as a protest against oppressive restrictions imposed by the mother country on colonial trade, manufacturing, and political liberty and had developed into a revolutionary struggle resulting in the establishment of a new nation. The Declaration of Independence is the document in which American colonists proclaimed their freedom from British rule. The Second Continental Congress, with representatives of the 13 British colonies in America, adopted the declaration on July 4, 1776. The document included an expression of the colonists grievances and their reasons for declaring freedom from Britain. The Declaration of Independence s eloquent rhetoric and political significance rank it as one of the great historical documents. After the United States was established, the statement of grievances in the declaration ceased to have any but historic significance. The political philosophy enunciated in the declaration, however, had a continuing influence on political developments in America and Europe for many years. It served as a source of authority for the Bill of Rights of the U. S. Constitution. Its influence is manifest in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, adopted by the National Assembly of France in 1789, during the French Revolution. In the 19th century, various peoples of Europe and of Latin America fighting for freedom incorporated in their programs the principles formulated in the Declaration of Independence. The procedure by which the Declaration of Independence came into being was as follows: On June 7, 1776, Richard Henry Lee, in the name of the Virginia delegates to the Continental Congress, moved that these united colonies are and of right ought to be free and independent States, they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is and ought to be totally dissolved. This motion was seconded by John Adams of Massachusetts, but action thereon was deferred until July 1, and the resolution was passed on the following day. In the meantime, a committee (appointed June 11) comprising the delegates Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, Roger Sherman, and Robert R. Livingston was preparing a declaration in line with Lees resolution. Jefferson prepared the draft, using neither book nor pamphlet, as he later said. Adams and Franklin made a number of minor changes in Jeffersons draft before it was submitted to Congress, which, on July 4, made a number of additional small alterations, deleted several]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>Discrimination</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-discrimination.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: The Lakota, also called Sioux, are a Native American people whose members live mainly in North Dakota and South Dakota in the United States. 1 Most peoples of sub-Saharan Africa have dark skin and tightly curled hair. Many scientists believe these physical characteristics evolved as forms of protection from the intense solar radiation of tropical Africa. This woman is from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. 2 The Huli people, who live in the southern highlands of Papua New Guinea, are known for their elaborate wigs. The ceremonial wigs are made of human hair and adorned with flowers, bird feathers, and fur. 3 Many European peoples have light skin and hair. Researchers believe that light skin evolved as an environmental adaptation that allowed people to thrive in northern latitudes. 4 Egyptian Bedouins Bedouins are nomadic Arabs who live in the desert areas of Egypt. Their clothing keeps them cool in the hot climate and is in keeping with their Muslim faith. 6 Quechua The Quechua-speaking peoples of the Andes Mountains live in hundreds of villages stretching from Ecuador through Peru and into Bolivia. 7 Introduction Race Race, term historically used to describe a human population distinguishable from others based on shared biological traits. All living human beings belong to one species, Homo sapiens. The concept of race stems from the idea that the human species can be naturally subdivided into biologically distinct groups. In practice, however, scientists have found it impossible to separate humans into clearly defined races. Most scientists today reject the concept of biological race and instead see human biological variation as falling along a continuum. Nevertheless, race persists as a powerful social and cultural concept used to categorize people based on perceived differences in physical appearance and behavior. 8 Example of Racial Classification Scheme Example of Racial Classification Scheme For many years, scientists devised lists of human races that they believed represented biologically distinct groups of people. One popular classification scheme, shown here, divided humanity into nine major races corresponding to geographic regions. Today, most scientists recognize that human biological variation does not fall into discrete categories and that racial classification schemes are arbitrary. 9 Map 10 Phisicall differences Adaptation to Heat 11 Adaptation to Heat Masai people, who live in the arid lands of eastern Africa, tend to have tall, lean bodies that disperse heat well. 12 Adaptation to Cold Inuit people, who live in the extreme cold of the Arctic, tend to have short, stout bodies that conserve heat. 13 Adaptation to Cold 14 Race & Society Race RACE AND SOCIETY  Based on years of research into human variation, the majority of anthropologists and biologists now reject race as a biological concept. However, the idea that people belong to different races]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>Discursul Lui Mark Antony</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-discursul_lui_mark_antony.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: After Caesar is murdered, Brutus explains to the people, why was this act a necessity, and he succeeds in convincing them. Mark Anony s speech is the most important part of the play, because here he uses a variety of phrase constructions to change people s concept about Caesar and his interests. It is clearly from the beginning of the fragment that people s ideas were against Antony s speech. This Caesar was a tyrant, says the first citizen; We are blest that Rome is rid of him, is the opinion of the third citizen. The second citizen has a doubtful idea about what Antony will speak (Peace! Let us hear what Antony can say). From the first lines of Antony s words, we can see what his intentions are: using a Captatio benevolentiae structure, he is trying to determine people to start listening carefully what he has to speak. He calls the crowd gentle Romans, friends. He uses a metaphor, too, (lend me your ears), for the same purpose. To change somebody s opinion about something you must start from the same point as your interlocutor. This is why Antony s next phrase is: I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him. With this introduction, the speaker can afford to tell the crowd an aphorism, and to be sure that they will not doubt about its truth: The evil that men do lives after them; The good is oft interred with their bones. This means that even if a person has done many good things in his life, it is sure that he provoked some bad things to happen, too; but the good things are regarded as the results of a normal behavior, and the portrait of someone who have died is suggested by the bad things he had done. This is life experience and it is exactly what happened with Caesar s memory. In the wars leading by him, had probably died many Romans. But the cause was greater: to create a large and powerful country for his people. We can see that Antony calls Brutus noble, because this was idea of the majority of the people, at the beginning. Starting from this point, the speaker tries to change people s thought about Caesar s ambition. He first makes a connection between Brutus s name and this ambition. The noble Brutus Hath told you Caesar was ambitious. Next he declares his opinion about ambition at a leader (a grievous fault), and the question he will answer is whether or not Caesar was ambitious. Then he uses again the same method, starting from a point where his thoughts seem to be the same with the people: Brutus is an honorable man; So are they all, all honorable men. The acting starts here, unclear at the start, when Antony begins to demolish the estate of Caesar as an ambitious man. The speaker says that Caesar was faithful and just, and that he was his friend; he does not forget to remember the link between ambition and Brutus (an honorable man). Then he uses another counterexample, more convincing: I thrice presented him a kingly crown, Which he did thrice refuse: was this]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>Elizabeth I And The Elizabethan Period</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-elizabeth_i_and_the_elizabethan_period.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: The very fact that Elizabeth became Queen at all almost indicates some predestination toward greatness and defiance of normal expectations. The daughter of Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn (who later was executed for treason), Elizabeth was third in line of succession, following her younger half-brother Edward (son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour) and her older half-sister Mary (daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon). Under normal circumstances, it would be unlikely that she would ever assume the throne. However, as has often happened throughout history, events did not follow their predicted course. The nine-year old Edward became King Edward VI on the death of Henry VIII in 1547, but he had little opportunity to establish himself as a monarch, dying at the age of 15. He was succeeded by Mary I (1553-1558), whose relentless efforts to return England to Catholicism brought about a true reign of terror and stifled any possibility of forward movement in the nation. When Mary died suddenly in 1558, Elizabeth I became Queen. In both intellect and temperament, Elizabeth was well-suited for the role of monarch. She was exceptionally well-educated, having been tutored at her fathers court by Roger Ascham, one of the most outstanding scholars and thinkers of the age. Her intellectual interests were broad, ranging from history and science to art, literature, and philosophy, and she was a remarkably astute political strategist. Not only did she return the country to internal political and religious stability in the wake of Bloody Marys reign, she directed Englands course as it became a powerful force among European nations. Both Spain and France felt the effects of Englands growing strength and audacity under Elizabeths rule. Furthermore, Elizabeth shrewdly perceived that great political advantage could be gained from her status as an unmarried monarch, and throughout her reign various political alliances via marriage were hinted at but never finalized. Sir Francis Drakes circumnavigation of the globe (1577-1580) added to the nations prestige and competitiveness in navigation and exploration. However, the pinnacle of Englands power at sea was the triumphant defeat of the mighty Spanish Armada in 1588, which secured the nations position as a world power. Eleven years later, in 1599, England entered the arena of world trade and colonization, which it would dominate for the next three centuries, with the chartering of the East India Company. The Queens tastes in fashion set the standard for the aristocracy and the rest of society; her love of music, drama, and poetry fostered an atmosphere in which many of Englands greatest writers found encouragement and financial patronage. Under Elizabeths leadership, England experienced the true cultural reawakening or renaissance of thought, art, and vision which had begun in Italy a century earlier. Elizabeths court was a magnet which attracted the most talented]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>Endangered Species</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-endangered_species.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: In 1988, at a site now inundated by Greers Ferry Lake, peregrine falcons reared their young. Over a century passed before fledgling peregrines returned to Arkansas. In June 1993, an environmental team flew to Minnesota and picked up five fledgling falcons. These birds were given a new home at the Arkansas Power & Light Company power station on the White River in Independence County. They were acclimated to their new area in a hacking station 300 feet above the ground, then released when ready to fly. Three birds survived and were often seen flying near the White and Black rivers. In 1994, six more Minnesota peregrines were released from a hacking station atop the TCBY Tower in Little Rock, Arkansass tallest building. It is hoped the relocated falcons will imprint on their new homeland and return to nest on permanent structures built for their use. Reintroductions like these have worked successfully in many other parts of the U. S., thanks in part to falconers who have raised thousands of peregrines in captivity for eventual release. Although peregrines live on every continent except Antarctica, they are always rare. In Arkansas, theyre most likely to be seen from mid-September through mid-May in southern lowlands. The peregrines recent history holds a cautionary tale. In the 1950s and 60s, these magnificent birds were nearly wiped out when their food chain was contaminated with pesticides, primarily DDT. All 275 known nesting sites in the eastern U. S. were deserted by 1964. To our good fortune, however, they were saved from extinction. There are now more than 1, 200 pairs in North America, a four-fold increase in the last 20 years. Unfortunately, we still have not roused ourselves to face the real enemy. DDT and other persistent pesticides continue to be manufactured and exported to the Third World, and the chemicals currently used in Western countries may be almost as deadly. Many contend we must change agricultural practices on a global scale; only then will we be heeding the message of hope the falcon brings. In 1994, Americas efforts to save endangered species reached a milestone with the announcement by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service that the bald eagle had recovered sufficiently to change its status from endangered to threatened in most of the nation. Bald eagle numbers in the lower 48 states climbed from 417 nesting pairs in 1963 to more than 4, 400 pairs in 1994. In addition, 5, 000 to 6, 000 juvenile bald eagles live in the lower 48. Federal protection and tremendous public support led to this recovery - through stricter law enforcement, protection of important habitat, reintroduction, a strong public education program and banning of DDT, a pesticide that interfered with normal eggshell production. The first successful bald eagle nesting since 1930 was reported in Arkansas in 1982. In 1995, 18 pairs of Arkansas eagles successfully fledged young from the nest. An eagle hacking program started by the Game and]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>Engleza Descriere</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-engleza_descriere.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: The hills of Zarnesti are small but very hard to climb. When you look at them from the bottom, the tall trees and the rocky road that can get you up gives you a strange sensation of cold and hunger. The road is slow, full of rocks that had fall down from the top. When you get to the top, the village appears on the other site of the hill. Now the road is better and the view is magic. The village has houses bigger than normal, houses of wealthy people. Some with two ore three floors, give the traveller an quiet and relaxing place where everybody can stand and forget the noise and smell of the busy city. Next to the village is a small stream with sparkling water and small fishes. If you follow it s way, you ll get in about two hours at the Bran Castle. The path is not so used, so the tall grass rustles trough you re feats. In some places you meet cows and sheep, and even some lost chickens. The view is one hounded percent rustic. You can fill in the air the smell of clean, the smell of untouched. Going east from the village you ll arrive at the Piatra Craiului Mountains. If you like extreme-games like rock climbing or any kind of winter games, this place is the one. In the summer are everywhere tents and any age peoples doing everything you can do in vacation. The winter blesses this place with snowy days and also no wind. If you go south from the village you arrive at the Bat s cave. This time is the smell and the noises that make you realise that this place is special. The cave isn t opened because the bats can be dangerous if they are disturbed. From the cave you can go east for one hour and arrive at a big and rocky hill, with no trees, only bushes. The hill locks more like a big rock. There are many caves, gathered only in the west side. The caves are very deep. When you enter, the only thing that you think is that over you is a stone heavier than a train. The rooms aren t named because this caves don t receive to many visitor and there isn t even a guide. The flashlights discover for the eyes room after room, tunnel after tunnel. The visitor feels like in any minute he will discover a skeleton or something. He doesn t known that this caves have been searched by many people before them. There have been scientist from France, England and other countries that have come to seek answer for unasked questions. This is what anyone can discover in a small place called Fundaura, a place where you can find relaxation or new adventures.]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>Huckleberry</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-huckleberry.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: Mark Twain (real name Samuel Langhorne Clemens) was born on the Missouri frontier and spent his childhood here. He was forced to quit school at the age of 12 in order to earn his living. He wrote his first article at 15, and his first short story was published when he was 16. In 1857 he started down the Mississippi toward New Orleans as an apprentice steamboat pilot. The people he met and the scenes he viewed during these four years on the Mississippi furnished characters and situations for his later writings. His first successful literary exploit was a short story: The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County, which brought him national attention. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, a sequel to Tom Sawyer in the picaresque vein of the latter, being a keener realistic portrayal of regional character and frontier experience on the Mississippi. It is the story of a flight down the Mississippi of a white boy (Huck) and of a runaway slave (Jim). Really astonishing is the variety of its farce and character. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is one of the supreme masterpiece of American literature - a work which reaches out beyond the limitations of time and touches what is most human in the readers of any age or country. Huck s character is so morally sensitive that he must undergo a moral testing and development. And Huck becomes a heroic character when, urged on by affection, he discards the moral code he has always taken for granted and resolves to help Jim in his escape from slavery. The intensity of his struggle over the act suggests how deeply he is involved in the society which he rejects. Huck means by right for a Negro to be a slave; if a Negro runs away, every white man has the duty to stop him and take back to his master to be punished. By wrong, Huck means helping a Negro to escape slavery. The theme of the fragment represents Huck s inner struggle between his prejudices and his humane feelings. Along the story Huck discovers Negro Jim to be not only a human being, but also a very admirable one. To his astonishment, he begins to have feelings of brotherhood towards him. He is, to a certain degree, aware of the contradiction between these feelings and his prejudices. He has only to consult his conscience, the conscience of a Southern boy in the middle of the last century, to know that he ought to return Jim to slavery. And when at last he finds that he cannot endure his decision but must change it and help Jim in his escape, it is not because he has acquired any new ideas about slavery. Huck s instinct is to help anybody in trouble, no matter how they have been mistreated. Any display of human cruelty sickens him no matter what the putative rights and wrongs of the matter. Huck is curiously alone, he is almost impersonally melancholic, he has a desire to wander, to leave no tracks and he betrays a premature nostalgia. The literary work of Mark Twain belongs to the treasury of world literature because]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>Julius Caesar</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-julius_caesar.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: In 1598, Francis Meres described Shakespeare as the most excellent in both sides - comedy and tragedy. His comedies are unsurpassed for the marvellous harmony they establish among so many apparently discordant elements. His tragedies, rightly interpreted, do not reveal a spirit of gloom and disillusionment. Yet, if we ponder carefully, while the themes of Shakespeare s tragedies are indeed dark and dismal, the message that they impart is that, no matter how deep the misfortune or how dreary the circumstances, man is capable of rising from his own ashes, like Phoenix; think of Richard II, Henry V, King Lear, or Prospero. Good will triumph over evil, in the end; think of Hamlet, Macbeth, Julius Caesar. As the theme and message in Shakespeare s comedies, they can be summed up in two lines from As You Like It: In his comedies, just as in real life, the protagonists play different parts in the little playlets they have themselves improvised in order to get what they desire. No one is hurt, no one is denied the opportunity to join in the game, no one is left out. Life is a merry-go-round and each individual may get off the platform as soon as he no longer enjoys the game. As long as all ends well All Samuel Taylor Coleridge maintained, Shakespeare was more interested in character-development than in his plots. Besides, in most cases, he did not invent the plots, he merely borrowed them from Holinshed and Hall Chronicles. Yet, his plots follow the classical Aristotelian outlines. Of Shakespeare s tragic characters, Mark Antony is quite outstanding in point of versatility. He does not exactly fit the Aristotelian description of the tragic hero. He is reliable and trustworthy friend, a highly intelligent and tactful man, a good psychologist, a skilful orator. Analysing Antony s famous speech of act 3, scene 2, we admire its uncanny rhetorical effects and the most persuasive use of the emotional appeal that assist him in disentangling the truth from the pack of lies concerning Julius Caesar that Brutus had just told the Roman citizens. By using the apophatic approach (the device by which one mentions something by saying it will not be mentioned: I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him, and I speak not to disprove what Brutus spoke), Antony manages to do just what he was not expected or allowed to do: praise Caesar and disprove what Brutus spoke. In a society like Shakespeare s, which felt secure about what constituted proper behaviour, social, political and familial roles were basic sources of order and untroubled adherence to them symbolised the continued existence of order. What Shakespeare presents in Julius Caesar and in other tragedies as Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth is not untroubled adherence to the roles of his type but, rather, their constant violation or loss as well as the subsequent restoration of order, as the masters of deceit who had thrived on disorder are exposed and]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>London - Varianta 1</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-london_varianta_1.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: Once you have arrived in London, there are assorted places that you should, you really should, go and see. A good starting place is Trafalgar Square with Nelson s Column right in the centre. It is a 51m column, poised on top of which is the hero of the Battle of Trafalgar, who was killed while winning in 1805. The four lions which surround the column are of more recent date, having been sculpted by Sir William Landseer in 1868. There are many claimants to being the heart of London, but Trafalgar Square has the best right, because it is the hub of so much that is wonderful. Just alongside is the church of St Martins in the Fields, which is open throughout the day and has been around for a long time. The current church dates from 1726, but there has been a church on that site since the thirteenth century. This is the parish church for Buckingham Palace and, yes, there is a royal pew. The church has some wonderful lunch time concerts, which are normally free. On the next side of the square is the National Portrait Gallery, which is fascinating because it has the largest collection of portraits in the world although, understandably, only part of the collection is on show at any one time. Behind is Charing Cross station, not of great interest except that in the side road running alongside is The Players Theatre, old time music hall where the audience is expected to dress up in the right costume and positively join in with the show. Running from there is the Strand, which was once the fashionable thoroughfare of London but fell on slightly seedier times. It is currently being upgraded and it still contains the Savoy Hotel - one of the great hotels of the world. If you reverse your course from Trafalgar Square, you will go up the Mall, past Horse Guards Parade and at the end is the impressive building which is Buckingham Palace. And you pass St James on the way up. So that s one quick fix on part of London from one central point. But London has so many other central points. You can do the same sort of orientation from Piccadilly Circus or Hyde Park Corner or, indeed, pretty much anywhere. Once you have your bearings you can start to concentrate on specific areas. You might like to start with the Houses of Parliament, which have been operating in one form or another since 1275. Worth knowing that the original Parliament was in St Stephen s Chapel and the members sat in the choir stalls facing each other. That tradition carries on to this day. You can go to the visitor s gallery in the afternoon and evening when Parliament is sitting. Typically it opens at 2. 30 PM and will stay open until 10. 30 PM or even later. If you plan your visits for the evening you will not have to queue. Just round the corner is Westminster Abbey. Every King and Queen of England since William the Conqueror has been crowned here, and many are buried here, as well as many other notable historic figures. In the memorable words of an American Wimbledon]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>People Traditions</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-people_traditions.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: Artistic and cultural activity in Britain ranges from the highest professional standards to a wide variety of amateur involvement. London is one of the leading world centers for drama, music, opera and dance. Other cities are serve as centers of artistic excellence in their regions. Some 650 professional arts festivals take place each year. The Edinburgh International Festival is the largest of its kind in the world. Britain has about 300 theatres intended for professional use, of which about 100 are in London, including the Royal National Theatre. The Royal Shakespeare Company performs in Stratford-upon-Avon, Shakespeares birthplace, and in London. Sixty-four companies receive subsidies from the Arts Councils. Contemporary British playwrights who have received international recognition include Harold Pinter, Alan Ayckbourn, Caryl Churchill and David Hare. The musicals of Sir Andrew Lloyd Webber, including Evita, Cats and Phantom of the Opera, have been highly successful in Britain, New York and around the world. There is music for every taste in Britain including opera, choral and classical orchestra s pieces, rock and pop, folk and jazz, military and brass bands, acoustic and newly emerging musical collaborations such as music theatre, music video, and music with live arts. In musical composition, experimentation is in vogue, with composers mixing their sources: medieval modes and minimalism, quotations from Wagner and from Debussy, Indian melodies and African rhythms. Since the early 60s with the emergence of the Beatles, The Rolling Stones, and the Who, through the 70s with Genesis, Led Zeppelin and Pink Floyd and the 80s with Dire Straits and The Police and punk pioneers like. Britains leading symphony orchestras include the London Philharmonic, the City of Birmingham Symphony, and the Ulster and the Royal Scottish Orchestras. There are also chamber orchestras such as the English Chamber Orchestra and the Academy of St. Martin-in-the-Fields. Opera is enjoying unprecedented audiences and attention in the 90s due to performances on television as those directed by Jonathan Miller and well publicised commercial recordings of the classics. Royal Opera, Covent Gardens, and the English National Opera are the main London opera companies. Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have their own opera companies. Scottish Opera has regular seasons at the Theatre Royal in Glasgow and tours mainly in Scotland and northern England. Welsh National Opera presents seasons in Cardiff and other cities in England. Audiences have a wide choice of dance in Britain including classical ballet, African people Dance, physical theatre, jazz, new dance and contemporary dance. The lions share of Arts Council funding for dance, about 90 per cent goes to support the Royal Ballet (housed with the Royal Opera in Covent Garden), the Birmingham Royal Ballet, which tours widely in Britain and overseas; English National Ballet, which performs in London and]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>Tess</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-tess.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: Tess of the dUrbervilles is Hardys tragic masterpiece. It is the story of innocence and evil, of man and nature, of history and its relations to the present, concentrated on the fate of a simple country girl. Reading Hardys novels one can easily recognise the Greek writers view on man: a being born to endure that which was to befall him. The English writer conceived almost all his heroes as variants of certain types, without endowing them with too much inner depth. They only have to face the essential hypostases of Fate which is the principle around which all the Hardian stories spin. It is a notion designating the power that predetermines events. Tess, the main character of the novel, is a simple innocent country girl, who tries to escape her social background under the pressure of exterior circumstances; she is forced to fight the principles of evil, embodied by Alec, but she cannot resist; she sins, therefore she is punished. Alec is the symbol of evil, the embodiment of the wickedness and unscrupulousness of the implacable world in which man is obliged to live. Angel Clare is neither good nor bad; he is not daring and he is conservative, abandoning Tess in the most difficult moments. Hardy did not succeed in portraying him very well so he remains a rather vague character. The Stonehenge fragment begins with Hardy-the-architects description of the monoliths. The authors eye for the significant details is to be mentioned. The atmosphere is set at this stage; darkness, coldness, wildness, and greatness are supported by the symbolical paraphrases used by Tess and Angel to denominate Stonehenge: Forest, pavilion of the night, heathen temple. The description of the Great Plane and its symbolic stones (the Stone of Sacrifice and the Sun Stone) follows. From dusk to dawn, whole nature accompanies Tess. Hardy describes the elements (still or moving, dark or light, colourful or colourless) in such a way to suggest Tesss thoughts and emotional states. The communion between character and nature may be followed throughout the text: when Tess is falling asleep everything is dark; reserve, taciturnity and hesitation are the qualities of the landscape at that moment even the night wind has died out. Then gradually, the reader is prepared for the moment of Tesss awakening: the light is growing, the stones are no more dark, but they are glistening green grey. The reader is announced that something is going to happen through some significant phrases as foe example, the light is strong or the sunbeam which shines full on Tesss face. The reader can probably feel as Tess feels, that everything has become clear, that the heroine does whatever she has to do so the memorable phrases It is as it should be and I am ready climax the whole passage. The Stonehenge scene shows the idea that Hardys novels nature does not help the characters, but only projects the human tragedy on the primordial axes.]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>The Devils Disciple</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-the_devils_disciple.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: George Bernard Shaw was born in Dublin in a family belonging to the Irish Protestant gentry. Apart from the musical education he received from his mother, he was practically self-educated. At the age of 20 he went to London and set to work as a novelist. He wrote five novels in all, but none of them made him famous. In 1884 he joined the newly formed Fabian Society, a large society of socialistic intellectuals whose leader he was between 1884 and 1900. He edited Fabian Essays (1887) which was influential in forming socialist opinion in Britain. Before starting his career as a dramatist, G. B. Shaw wrote much theatre and music criticism for a number of papers. In 1891 he published The Quintessence of Ibsenism, a study on the Norwegian dramatist whose plays of social criticism impressed him very much for bringing a new perspective in drama. In Shaw s plays though it is the ideas and not the characters that really matter, his characters do not talk in order to define themselves but to make speeches. His most famous plays are probably: Man and Superman (1903); Major Barbara (1905); Pygmalion (1912); Heartbreak House (1917); other plays: in Plays Pleasant and Unpleasant (1898) - Widower s Houses; in Plays for Puritans (1901) - The Devil s Disciple; Caesar and Cleopatra; other plays after 1918: The Art Cart; In Good King Charles s Golden Days. The Devil s Disciple, written in 1897, is the first of the Plays for Puritans (published in 1901), followed by Caesar and Cleopatra (1898) and Captain Brassbound s Conversion (1899). In order to give his criticism a note of harmlessness, Shaw sets the action of the play in New England, back in the year 1777, during the rebellion of American colonies against British dominion. Probably, no description of that year is better then Shaw s: The year 1777 is the one in which the passions roused by the breaking-off of the American colonies from England, more by their own weigh then by their own will [] At the beginning of the play we are introduced to Mrs. Dudgeon - sour, shrewish and stupidly puritanical. The situation in the Dudgeon family is rather tense: Peter Dudgeon, Mrs. Dudgeon s brother-in-law, was hang on the public gallows as a rebel and his irregular child Essie was brought into the house. On top of all the disgrace, the death of Timothy Dudgeon, Mrs. Dudgeon s husband, comes as a terrible shock to her. An equally trying circumstance is the reading of the will, which takes place in an atmosphere of chilly puritanism. It is the moment when the devil s disciple, Dick Dudgeon, comes in. Inevitably, the will reveals that Dick is now master of the house. The play nearly reaches a climax when Richard explains to his awe relatives that he used to pray secretly to the devil - he comforted me, and saved me from having my spirit broken in this house of children s tears. I promised him my soul, and swore on oath that I would stand up for him in this world and stand by him in the next. That promise and]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>Typhoon</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-typhoon.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: This fragment is taken from a celebrated short story by Conrad, remarkable for its description of a terrible storm at sea, as well as for the portrait of a modest and brave ship captain. Conrad had known French from childhood and was widely read in its literature, but he did not begin to learn English until he was twenty-three. That he should have learnt it to such purpose as to become a master of our prose () is one of the most remarkable facts recorded in literary history. Yet the fact itself, together with his romantic extra-literary career as a sailor in exotic waters, may easily blind us to the essential nature of Conrad s genius as a novelist. He is not great simply because he pulled off a remarkable fact; and though he is a novelist of the sea and of exotic places, he is much more. His life at sea provided him with a store of experiences that he drew upon for the material of his fiction, but the true value of the sea and of the exotic places was that they offered him what might almost be called the laboratory conditions in which he could make his investigations into the nature of man and the springs of action. The story Typhoon is seen through Juks s eyes, but the author does not use the 1st person narrative. The two heroes of this scene go through a very dramatic, tense experience. Although they have seen many storms at sea, this one seems to be fiercer than any other. Their lives are in danger, the ship may be crushed any moment. In such moments, people s behavior is quite significant. Nobody can pretend to be different from what they really are. Although two boats had been blown away, captain MacWhirr didn t lose his courage. He knew that the ship would resist. And he was right because finally they succeed in this confrontation with the storm.]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>Washington Square</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-washington_square.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: Henry James (1843-1916) was born in New York. Coming from a rather well-off family, he enjoyed good education and travelled extensively to England, Switzerland, France and Germany. He graduated from Harvard Law School. He started his literary career with a volume of short-stories, A Passionate Pilgrim (1871). In 1876 he settled in London. In 1915 he became a British subject to protest against America s aloofness from World War I. Some of the most important novels are: The American (1877), The Portrait of a Lady (1881), The Princess Casamassima (1886). After 1890 begins his major period of creation: The Tragic Muse (1890), The Spoils of Poynton (1897), The Ambassadors (1903), The Golden Bowl (1904). He is also the author of a series of critical writings and dramas. Washington Square (1881) is one of James s early novels which focuses on the theme of unfulfilled love. Love instead of becoming a reason for joy is seen as a source of enormous frustration, especially due to the social code of behaviour imposed by the Puritanism of the New World. The story of the novel takes place in the Puritan America of the 19th century. Two of the main characters, dr. Sloper and his daughter, belong to the upper middle class, while the third protagonist of the novel, Morris Townsend, comes from a lower social class. He is the typical upstart created by this kind of mercantile society in which the good match is only possibility he has to climb the social hierarchy. Therefore, in a way, Morris Townsend is not only the representative of this society, but also its victim. Dr. Sloper is a well-off bourgeois and his daughter, Catherine Sloper, his rich heiress. Morris Townsend is Catherine suitor. Although Catherine Sloper is favoured neither by beauty nor by intelligence, she has a kind heart and her love for Morris Townsend is true. Her tyrannical father keeps her under close scrutiny, being apparently more interested in the future rather than in his daughter s happiness. But this is only at a surface level because, in fact, dr. Sloper is genuinely interested in his daughter s happiness. For the Puritan American society of the 19th century, a young woman s happiness meant material security, which meant that the two had to belong to the same social class. Morris Townsend has neither of these qualities. Although an intelligent man, he is poor and he does not have social background equivalent to Catherine s. Being fully aware of these drawbacks, Morris becomes bitter. The whole ambiguity of the novel relies on whether indeed Morris Townsend is exclusively interested in Catherine s money or not. However, dr. Sloper s intuition that the young man is only after Catherine s money seems to be true. Chapter 9 of the book presents a conversation between dr. Sloper and Morris, when dr. Sloper want to check his intuition about Morris and try his character once more. The scene is remarkable for H. James ability to present his character s hidden]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>William Shakespeare - Varianta 1</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-william_shakespeare_varianta_1.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: Shakespeare was born 23rd of April 1564, the same day as the day of his death, 52 years later - at Stratford on Avon, a small town in Warwickshire, in the heart of England. His mother, Mary Arden, was born into a farmers family residing in Warwickshire as well. Her people were better off than her husband s. He attended the free Latin grammar school of his native town until the age of 14. There, as he was customary at that time, he was tough the classical languages and became familiar with the great Latin writers. Shakespeare s first poems Venus and Adonis and The Rape of Lucrece evince his classical learning. At the age of 18 (in 1582) William Shakespeare married Anne Hathaway, 8 years his senior. His wife was the daughter of a farmer in a village near by. They had 3 children: Susanna, the eldest and the twins Hamnet and Judith. The story goes that in London he started earning his living by tending the horses of the gentlemen who came riding to the playhouse. a horse keeper a stage boy a prompter a play mender an actor a playwright By the turn of the century Shakespeare was a prosperous man so that he had money to spare to pay his father debts and to buy a coat of arms for him. In 1600 Shakespeare bought the largest house in Stratford known as New place. He died on the 23rd of April 1616 and was buried in the chancel of his parish church at Stratford. No name was engrave on tombstone butfor the lines which as the tradition goes he himself had prepared before his death. They warn the passers-by not to dig his bones. By 1623, a monument was setup on the wall above the grave. Shakespeare s heritage consists of 2 long poems, a sequence of 154 sonnets and 37 plays. His activities as a poet and playwright covers over 24 years. The first creative period 1590 - 1600-1601 Venus and Adonis The Rape of Lucrece Sonnets The plays: Henry VI in 3 parts (1590-1591) Richard III The Taming of the Shrew (1592) The Comedy of Errors The Two Gentleman of Verona Love s Labour s Lost Romeo and Juliet A Midsummer Night s Dream Richard II King John The Merchant of Venice Henry IV in 2 parts Much Ado about Nothing Henry V The Merry Wives of Windsor As You Like It Julius Caesar (a roman play) Twelfth Night The second creative period 1600-1601 - 1608 Shakespeare s great tragedies Hamlet Othello King Lear Macbeth Timon of Athens The Roman plays: Antony and Cleopatra Coriolanus Comedies: All s Well That Ends Well Troilus and Cressida Measure for Measure The third creative period 1608-1612 Cymbeline (1609) The Winter s Tale The Tempest To this period also belongs: Pericles, Prince of Tyre Henry VII but their authorship is doubtful.]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>English</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-english.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: My composition is about the strange thing at the way of beeing of the teenage daughters who joke with their parents. I will try to discuss this situation from different ways. If we look at this problem from the point of view of any person who is not from that family and who took part of a kind of this manifestation I think they would believe that daughters have been educated and grew up very good and in consequence these were not self-posessed, but I think they would believe that them parents have a lot of guilty even if this is not always like this. There were and will be cases when not the parents are those who contribuate in theirs daughters way of beeing but, for exemple, the anturaje. For the parents the opinions are much more. So there are some of them who encourage these jokes and they respond if you ask them why they do that that is good for a girl to be good in speeking, but other parents dont enjoy laughing of them so they try unsuccesfully to stop these situations. From the other hand the girls who make this are or not self-posessed, and they do not say this it is so and make it again and again, or them parents are agree with that. Unfortunly most of the teenagers do like this thinking this is not a bad thing, and them parents seem to accept this saying that them children arent like them when they were at them age. In conclusion, from my point of view, because I am not agree with this way the most teenagers act I could say we must respect our parents and do everything to make their life, so hard, more pleasant, but never to make jokes with them.]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>Ernest Hemingway - Varianta 1</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-ernest_hemingway_varianta_1.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: Like Joyce and Proust, Hemingway is a writer who uses the material of his own life to construct fiction. For example, A Farewell to Arms (1929) was inspired by his war experience in Italy, and For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940) reflects part of his experience after travelling in Spain. He believed that the writers role was to work hard and write about true things. Therefore he once remarked that his job as a writer was to put down what I see and what I feel in the best and simplest way I can tell it. He writes only about those aspects of life he has encountered personally, although those are many warfare, big-game hunting, sports, fishing, bull-fighting, etc. The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber (1936) is based on the 1933-1934 African trip. It is the tragic story of an American couple, Francis and Margot Macomber who arrive in Nairobi and hire a professional hunter named Wilson to take them on a hunt expedition. Macomber is a rather spineless character- his wife despises him and makes no effort to conceal her affaires to other man. Macomber hopes the solitude of the safari will bring them back together. But on first day of hunting he disgraces himself and loses his chance to win his wife esteem. He wounds a lion but dashes away in front of it. Margot now snubs at him totally and begins to throw herself at Wilson. Macomber knows about the affair, but in his disgrace he is too weak to make any objections. At this point, Margot hates Francis, Francis hates Wilson, and Wilson is beginning to despise them both. The buffalo hunting scene represents the climax of this story. The description of the chase shows us Hemingway as a writer preoccupied almost exclusively with action, both in real life and in the life of his characters, whose inner life is revealed by the actions they undertake. Even the finer sensation of his characters love, fear, loyalty are re-scaled by their physical reactions, thus Macomber is dominated by two conflicting sensations the first one is of terrible fright and the other of unrestrained hatred. In order to render to the reader a feeling of Macombers almost animalic fear, Hemingway operates exclusively on the level of the concrete images of the chase, as perceived by his characters eyes. Macomber perceives all the dangerous anatomical details of the galloping bull with the accuracy of a camera. He sees the bull bigger and bigger, huge, with shiny horns, his plunging hugeness. His actions are hasty, precipitated and he tries to shoot at the buffalo from the moving car, afraid of an encounter with the animal on the ground. Once Wilson calls him a fool and he has no fear, only hatred for Wilson, his physical reactions change completely. He becomes a self-assured, cool, buffalo killer, aiming carefully at the haunted animals. His total change on the physical level then results in a feeling of drunken elation, symbolic of his newly acquired manliness and self-respect. Macomber experiences danger]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>Final Ozone</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-final_ozone.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: Numele de ozon vine de la grecescul ozein, care inseamna a mirosi. Ozonul este forma alotropica a oxigenului, avand trei atomi in fiecare molecula. Este un gaz de un albastru pal, foarte otravitor, cu miros puternic. Ozonul se formeaza atunci cand o scanteie electrica trece prin oxigen. Metoda comerciala de producere a ozonului consta in trecerea prin oxigenul inghetat a unei descarcari electrice. Ozonul este mult mai activ din punct de vedere chimic decat oxigenul si este un mai bun agent oxidant. Este folosit la purificarea apei, a aerului si la decolorarea anumitor alimente. Ozonul format in atmosfera din oxizi de azot si gaze organice emise de automobile si surse industriale, poate pune in pericol sanatatea si poate cauza distrugeri seriose recoltelor in unele zone. Stratul de ozon reprezinta o regiune in atmosfera cuprinsa intre 19 si 48 km altitudine. Concentratiile de ozon din aceasta regiune sunt de 10 parti pe milion. Ozonul se formeaza aici datorita actiunii luminii solare asupra oxigenului, dar compusii de azot formati in mod natural au tinut concentratia de ozon la un nivel relativ stabil. O concentratie de ozon atat de mare la nivelul solului ar fi periculoasa si ar putea dauna plamanilor. Totusi, deoarece stratul de ozon protejeaza viata de pe Pamant de radiatiile ultraviolete periculoase emise de Soare, importanta lui este critica. Insa oamenii de stiinta au descoperit in anii 70 ca anumite chimicale, numite cloroflorocarburi, sau CFC-uri, folosite ca substante refrigerante si in spray-uri, constituie o posibila amenintare a stratului de ozon. Eliberate in atmosfera, aceste chimicale care contin clor, se ridica si sunt descompuse sub actiunea luminii solare, clorul reactionand cu moleculele de ozon si distrugandu-le, in numar de pana la 100. 000 pe molecula de CFC. Datorita acestui motiv, folosirea de CFC-uri in spray-uri a fost interzisa in Statele Unite si in alte tari. Alte chimicale, cum ar fi oxizii de azot, pot ataca si ele stratul de ozon. Distrugerea stratului de ozon poate duce la cresterea cazurilor de cancer de piele si cataracta, distrugerea anumitor recolte si a planctonului si a lantului trofic marin, si o crestere a concentratiei de dioxid de carbon din atmosfera, datorita descresterii numarului de plante si a planctonului. La inceputul anilor 80, oamenii de stiinta care lucrau in Antarctica au detectat o pierdere periodica de ozon in atmosfera de deasupra Antarcticii. Asa numita gaura din stratul de ozon reprezinta de fapt o subtiere a stratului de ozon, care apare primavara si continua timp de cateva luni, inainte de a se ingrosa din nou. Studiile facute cu ajutorul baloanelor meteorlogice si a satelitilor au aratat ca procentajul total de ozon de deasupra Antarticii este in scadere. De asemenea, testele facute deasupra regiunilor arctice, au descoperit acolo o problema similara.]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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        <item>
            <title>France - Varianta 1</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-france_varianta_1.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: The chief physiographic features of France are its natural eastern and southern boundaries, a south-central plateau, and, contiguous to the plateau, a vast region of rolling plains. A series of massive mountain ranges, including a number of ranges of the Alps and the Jura, form natural boundaries at the Franco-Italian and most of the Franco-Swiss borders. With flanking chains and foothills, these ranges dominate the area east of the south-central plateau. Many of the Alpine mountains extending across and along the French border are more than 3, 962 m (13, 000 ft) above sea level; Mont Blanc (4, 807 m/15, 771 ft) is the second highest peak on the continent. The Jura, which have a maximum elevation, on the Franco-Swiss boundary, of about 1, 710 m (5, 600 ft), delineate the eastern frontier of France from the eastern extension of the Rhone Valley to the Belfort Gap, the broad depression linking the basins of the Rhine and the Saone rivers. From the edge of the Belfort Gap to the north-eastern corner of France, the Franco-German border is formed by the River Rhine. The Vosges mountains, extending north from the Belfort Gap, dominate the region between the Moselle and the Rhine. The highest elevations in the Vosges Mountains reach about 1, 435 m (4, 700 ft). The Pyrenees, which extend along the Franco-Spanish frontier from the Mediterranean Sea to the Bay of Biscay, form the other mountain boundary of France. Pic de Vignemale (3, 298 m/10, 820 ft) is the highest French peak in the Pyrenees. The Pyrenees are traversed by few passes, a circumstance that has traditionally hampered commerce between France and Spain. The Alpine and other ranges in the east are, however, broken by gaps and passes, notably the passes of St Bernard. The south-central plateau, known as the Massif Central, is separated from the eastern highland region by the valley of the River Rhone. This elevated region has an irregular relief and conformation. The plateau, rising gradually from the plains region on the north and west, is characterized by volcanic outcroppings; by deeply eroded limestone tablelands to the south of the region of extinct volcanoes; and, farther to the south, by the Cevennes, a series of highlands rising from the Mediterranean coastal depressions. The plains region, by far the most extensive section of the terrain of France, is a projection of the Great Plain of Europe. Except for a few hilly outcroppings, chiefly in the west-central portion, the French plains consist of gently undulating lowlands, with an elevation of about 200 m (650 ft) above sea level. The outstanding features of the plains region, the most fertile in France, are the valleys of the Seine, Loire, and Garonne rivers. Together with numerous tributaries, these rivers drain the Atlantic watershed of France. The River Rhone is the largest in the country in terms of volume of discharge. With its tributaries, particularly the Saone, Isere, and Durance, it drains the French Alpine region. Among the]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title>Goya</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-goya.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: Francisco Jose de Goya y Lucientes is an innovative Spanish painter and etcher; one of the triumvirate - including El Greco and Diego Velazquez - of great Spanish masters. Much in the art of Goya is derived from that of Velazquez, just as much in the art of the 19th-century French master Edouard Manet and the 20th-century genius Pablo Picasso is taken from Goya. Trained in a mediocre rococo artistic milieu, Goya transformed this often frivolous style and created works, such as the famous Third of May, 1808 (1814, Prado, Madrid), that have as great an impact today as when they were created. Third of May, 1808 Goya s purpose was to commemorate the Spanish war of liberation, during which a number of innocent civilians were shot by soldiers from Napoleon s army. At this late stage in Goya s career, he had become cynical about the fate of the human race, and this attitude is reflected in the raw, expressive quality of the painting style in this piece. Goya was born in the small Aragonese town of Fuendetodos (near Zaragoza) on March 30, 1746. His father was a painter and a gilder of altarpieces, and his mother was descended from a family of minor Aragonese nobility. Facts of Goyas childhood are scarce. He attended school in Zaragoza at the Escuelas Pias. Goyas formal artistic education commenced when, at the age of 14, he was apprenticed to a local master, Jose Luzan, a competent although little-known painter in whose studio Goya spent four years. In 1763 the young artist went to Madrid, where he hoped to win a prize at the Academy of San Fernando (founded 1752). Although he did not win the desired award, he did make the acquaintance of Francisco Bayeu, an artist also from Aragon, who was working at the court in the academic manner imported to Spain by the German painter Anton Raphael Mengs. Bayeu (the brother of Goyas wife) was influential in forming Goyas early style and was responsible for his participation in an important commission, the fresco decoration (1771, 1780-1782) of the Church of the Virgin in El Pilar in Zaragoza. In 1771 Goya went to Italy for approximately one year. His activity there is relatively obscure; he spent some months in Rome and also entered a composition at the Parma Academy competition, in which he was successful. Returning to Spain about 1773, Goya participated in several other fresco projects, including that for the Charterhouse of Aula Dei, near Zaragoza, in 1774, where his paintings prefigure those of his greatest fresco project, executed in the Church of San Antonio de la Florida, Madrid, in 1798. It was at this time that Goya began to do prints after paintings by Velazquez, who would remain, along with Rembrandt, his greatest source of inspiration. By 1786 Goya was working in an official capacity for King Charles III, the most enlightened Spanish monarch of the 18th century. Goya was appointed first court painter in 1799. His tapestry cartoons executed in the late 1780s and early 1790s were highly]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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        <item>
            <title>Graffiti - Varianta 2</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-graffiti_varianta_2.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: Graffiti GROUND WORK 1966-71 Graffiti was used primarily by political activists to make statements and street gangs to mark territory. It wasnt till the late 1960s that writings current identity started to form. The history of the underground art movement known by many names, most commonly termed graffiti begins in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania during the mid to late 60s and is rooted in bombing. The writers who are credited with the first conscious bombing effort are Cornbread and COOL EARL. They wrote their names all over the city gaining attention from the community and local press. It is unclear whether this concept made its way to New York City via deliberate efforts or if was a spontaneous occurrence. Pioneering 1971-74 Shortly after Cornbread, the Washington Heights section of Manhattan was giving birth to writers. In 1971 The New York Times published an article on one of these writers. TAKI 183 was the alias of a kid from Washington Heights. TAKI was the nick name for his given name Demetrius and 183 was the number of the street where he lived. He was employed as a foot messenger, so he was on the subway frequently and took advantage of it, doing motion tags. The appearance of this unusual name and numeral sparked public curiosity prompting the Times article. He was by no means the first writer or even the first king. He was however the first to be recognized outside the newly formed subculture. Most widely credited as being one of the first writers of significance is JULIO 204. FRANK 207 and JOE 136 were also early writers. On the streets of Brooklyn a movement was growing as well. Scores of writers were active. Friendly freddie was an early Brooklyn writer to gain fame. The subway system proved to be a line of communication and a unifying element for all these separate movements. People in all the five broughs became aware of each others efforts. This established the foundation of interbrough competition. Writing started moving from the streets to the subways and quickly became competitive. At this point writing consisted of mostly tags and the goal was to have as many as possible. Writers would ride the trains hitting as many subway cars as possible. It wasnt long before writers discovered that in a train yard or lay up they could hit many more subway cars in much less time and with less chance of getting caught. The concept and method of bombing had been established. Tag Style After a while there were so many people writing so much that writers needed a new way to gain fame. The first way was to make your tag unique. Many script and calligraphic styles were developed. Writers enhanced their tags with flourishes, stars and other designs. Some designs were strictly for visual appeal while others had meaning. For instance, crowns were used by writers who proclaimed themselves king. Probably the most famous tag in the cultures history was STAY HIGH 149. He used a smoking joint as the cross bar for his H and a stick figure]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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        <item>
            <title>Great Britain - Varianta 1</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-great_britain_varianta_1.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: England is very roughly triangular in shape, with its apex at the mouth of the River Tweed on the north-eastern border with Scotland. The eastern side, bounded by the North Sea, extends generally south-east, via East Anglia, to the North Foreland in Kent, the northern extremity of the chalk uplands in south-eastern England called the Downs. The western side of the triangle extends generally south-west from the mouth of the Tweed along the border with Scotland, via the Irish Sea coast, the border with Wales, and the Atlantic Ocean coast to Land s End, the westernmost extremity of England and of the island of Great Britain. The northern frontier with Scotland extends from the Solway Firth in the west along the Cheviot Hills to the mouth of the Tweed on the east. The base of the triangle fronts the English Channel and the Strait of Dover along the south-western and southern coast of England. The total area of England is 130, 423 sq km (50, 356 sq mi), equivalent to 57 per cent of the area of Great Britain and 54 per cent of the area of the United Kingdom. This total includes the region of the Scilly Isles, located south-west of Land s End in the Atlantic Ocean; the Isle of Wight, located off the southern coast; and the Isle of Man, located in the Irish Sea between England and Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland, province, integral part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, situated in the north-eastern portion of the island of Ireland. Northern Ireland is bounded on the north and north-east by the North Channel, on the south-east by the Irish Sea; on the south and west it has a 488 km (303 mi) border with the Republic of Ireland. It includes Rathlin Island in the North Channel and several smaller offshore islands. Northern Ireland is also known as Ulster, because it comprises six of the nine counties that constituted the former Irish province of Ulster. The total land area of Northern Ireland is 13, 483 sq km (5, 206 sq mi). Belfast is the capital of Northern Ireland. Wales, country and principality, part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, united politically, legally, and administratively with England, and occupying a broad peninsula on the western side of the island of Great Britain. Wales also includes the island of Anglesey, which is separated from the mainland by the narrow Menai Strait. Wales is bounded on the north by the Irish Sea; on the east by the English counties of Cheshire, Shropshire, Hereford and Worcester, and Gloucestershire; on the south by the Bristol Channel; and on the west by the St George s Channel and Cardigan Bay. The maximum north-south length of the Welsh mainland is about 220 km (137 mi); in an east-west direction the width of the country varies between 60 and 155 km (36 and 96 mi). The total area of Wales is 20, 766 sq km (8, 018 sq mi). Cardiff is the capital, largest city, and principal seaport of Wales.]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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        <item>
            <title>Gullivers Travels</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-gullivers_travels.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: First Voyage (Liliput). Gulliver, ship s doctor on the Anteope in shipwreked near Van Diemend s Land (Tasmania) but mananges to make shore, where he falls unconcious. Upon awakening, he finds himself a captive of humans only six inches tall (possibly derived from Philostrautus s account of the pygmies capturing the sleeping Hercules). After learning the Liliputan language and obeying the laws of his diminutive captors, Gulliver is permited to tour the capital city of Mildendo, which he finds a tiny republic of contemporany European cityes. Gulliver becomes a nobleman of Liliput when he single handedly carries of the entire warfleet of the hostile neighboring kindom, Blefuscu, but Gulliver champions a generous peace, which the Lilipuian parliament approves. In disfavor at court because he put out a fire in qweens palace, Gulliver visits Blefuscu. Here he finds a battered ship s boat cast ashore. With the aid of Blefuscar workers he refurbishes the boat and sails away, to be picked up by an English vessel. Swift s incredible ingeniuty in adapting everything to the six-inch scale of Liliputians has ironically rendered this adult santire a nursery favourite. Swift calculates exactly how many Liliputian blankets have to be sewn together for Gulliver, and he even allows for the hemming. Beguiled, the reader hardly realizes that he is being led into santire, but the major attention of this book is to demonstrate the pettines of human affairs as viewed by a giant from another world. The vehemence of Whing and Tory becomes preposterous in th Liliputian contention of the low-heelers (Low Church) versus the high-heelers (High Church), and the battling of Catholics and Protestants is starized in the contention of the Big-Enders versus the Little-Enders (Which end off the egg should be cracked first?). The war between England and France is reduced to the absurd comflict between Liliput and Blefuscu, swift also incorporated muchspecific santire on English politics arownd 1712-15 Nonetherless, certain passagers in chapter 6, treating of law andeducation in Liliput, are essentially utopiain, picturing this minute wold as the rational ideal. Second Voyage (Brobdingang). Wandering away from a landing party of the Adventure on the coast of Great Tartary, Gulliver is trapped in a field of giant corn forty feet high. Brobodignagiants themselves are normaly sixty feet tall; Gulliver is captured and becomes the pet of a nine-year-old farmer s daughter, not yet over forty feet tall. As a curiosity he is sold to the queen of the kingdom, who lets the court physicians and philosophers study Gulliver as a frak. The puny Gulliver has narrow escapes from rats the size of lions, wasps as large as partridges, and hailstones as large as tennis balls. To the tiny fellow the giants of Brobdingang often appear ugly and ill favored, but this land knows only peace and simplicity. The nonarch is horrified at European politics and disgusted at European warfare. I cannot]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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        <item>
            <title>Henri James Washington Square</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-henri_james_washington_square.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: Henry James was in many respects the inspirer of the modern experimental novel. His theory of the novel is based on the premises laid down in his famous essay The Art of Fiction, where he asserts that the novel should be concerned with the major values of life: The only reason for the existence of the novel is that it does attempt to represent life. The author s interest concentrates not so much upon the external aspects such as the past family relations, the social background, as it does upon the inner side. Washington Square, written in 1881, belongs to James first period of creation. This short novel reveals James special gift as a subtle observer of human behaviour and psychology in a money oriented society. The heroine of the novel, Catherine Sloper, falls victim to a domineering father and an interested suitor. At the age of 20, Catherine s advantage is her prospect of inheriting a fortune and this attracts a suitor, Morris Townsend, who proves to be a fortune-hunter. Dr. Sloper embodies the type of the parent in a dramatic and fatal relationship with his only child. He is quite singular in his refinement and sophisticated nature as well as in his controlled impulse by reason and he is endowed with the faculty of self-analysis. The excerpt presenting the dialogue between Dr. Sloper and Morris Townsend is one of the most brilliant examples of James gift as a subtle observer of man s behaviour and psychology and also his mastery of witty dialogue handled in a straightforward manner by an omniscient writer. All through the discussion, Dr. Sloper tries to make Morris betray his mean interest in Catherine s allowance, while the latter avoids any direct answer by feigning exaggerated modesty and reserve. The doctor is informed that Morris Townsend has already spent all his money and now depends on his sister, never thinking of a serious career. Dr. Sloper is determined to try the young man s character by exposing him to a witty examination and begins asking him whether he has really been looking for a position. They both are clever, cunningly trying to find the interlocutor s weak point and, through subtle allusions and half-truths, are trying to trap each other. With faked modesty, Morris Townsend replies that a position would be too much for him and that he is looking for a quiet place where he would be able to turn an honest penny with his good right arm. But then he cunningly asks Dr. Sloper if he is of the opinion he should not despair, implying he is waiting for the doctor to offer him a good opportunity. Then, with a look at his neat polished shoes, he asks the doctor whether he is intending to propose something to his advantage. The doctor, in his turn, takes the opportunity to suggest to Morris to leave New York and take a job elsewhere. To this, Morris Townsend falsely declares himself the sustainer of his sister and her children, but then he is forced to admit that his present occupation won t make his]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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        <item>
            <title>Henry</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-henry.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: Henry VIII  (1491-1547), king of England (1509-1547), the image of the Renaissance king as immortalized by German artist Hans Holbein, who painted him hands on hips, legs astride, exuding confidence and power. Henry VIII had six wives, fought numerous wars in Europe, and even aspired to become Holy Roman Emperor in order to extend his control to Europe. He ruthlessly increased the power of royal government, using Parliament to sanction his actions. Henry ruled through powerful ministers who, like his six wives, were never safe in their positions. His greatest achievement was to initiate the Protestant Reformation in England. He rejected the authority of the pope and the Roman Catholic Church, confiscated church lands, and promoted religious reformers to power. Henry Tudor, named after his father, Henry VII, was born June 28, 1491 in Greenwich Palace. Since he was the second son, and not expected to become king, we know little of his childhood until the death of his older brother Arthur. We know that he attended the wedding celebrations of Arthur and his bride, Catherine of Aragon, in November 1501 when he was 10 years old. Shortly after the wedding, Arthur and Catherine went to live in Wales, as was tradition for the heir to the throne. But, four months after the marriage began, it ended, with the death of Arthur Prince of Wales. A treaty was signed that would allow Catherine to marry the next heir to the throne - Prince Henry. Until then, Catherines parents, Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain would send over 100, 000 crowns worth of plate and gold as a wedding gift and Henry would pay the agreed upon dowry. It was deemed necessary for a papal dispensation to be issued allowing Henry to marry Catherine, as she was his dead brothers wife, and this marriage was prohibited in Leviticus. At the time, and throughout her life, Catherine denied that her marriage to Arthur had even been consummated (and given the boys health, that is most likely the case) so no dispensation was needed. However, both the parties in Spain and England wanted to be sure of the legitimacy of the marriage, so permission from the pope was sought and received. This issue would be very important during the Divorce and the Break with Rome. The marriage still did not take place however. Henry VII had been slow to pay his part of the arrangement and her parents were refusing to send the marriage portion of plate and gold. The stalemate continued until Henry VII died on April 22, 1509 and his son became Henry VIII. Henry was just shy of 18 years old when he became king, and had been preparing for it from the time of his older brother Arthurs death. At this age, he was not the image that we usually call to mind when we hear the name Henry VIII. He was not the overweight and ill man of his later years. In his youth, he was handsome and athletic. He was tall and had a bright red-gold cap of hair and beard, a far cry from the fat, balding and unhealthy man that is often]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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        <item>
            <title>Henry VIII</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-henry_viii.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: Henry VIII, Tudor king of England (1509-1547), and founder of the Church of England. The son of Henry VII, he profoundly influenced the character of the English monarchy. Henry was born in London on June 28, 1491, and on the death of his father in 1509 succeeded to the throne (his elder brother Arthur having died in 1502). He then married his brother s widow, Catherine of Aragon, having been betrother to her through a papal dispensation secured in 1503. This was the first of Henry s six marriages, all of which were affected by the political and religious conditions of the time and by the monarch s increasingly despotic behaviour. At the beginning of his reign Henry s good looks and hearty personality his fondness for sport and the hunt, and his military prowess endeared him to his subjects. A monarch of the Renaissance, he entertained numerous scholars and artists, including the German painter Hans Holbein the Younger who painted several portraits of the king and members of his court. A Question of Divorce In 1511 Henry joined in the Holy League against France and in 1513 he led the English forces through a victorious campaign in northern France. Meanwhile France s ally James IV of Scotland, Henry s brother-in-law, led an invasion of northern England that was crushed in September 1513 at Flodden Field by Henry s commander Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk with the death of the king and many Scottish nobles. Deserted by his allies, Henry arranged a marriage in 1514 between his sister Mary and Louis XII of France, with whom he formed an alliance. Louis s successor, Francis I, met Henry at a magnificently stages meeting on the Field of Cloth of Gold in 1520 but no significant political decisions resulted. In 1521 Henry arranged the death of his counsellor Edward Stafford, 3th Duke of Buckingham, one of the few nobles with a potential claim to the throne. In 1525 riots broke out in England in protest against an attempt by Henry to levy taxes for military purposes and he withdrew from major military activity in Europe. In 1527 Henry announced his desire to divorce his wife, on the grounds that the papal dispensation making the marriage possible was invalid. The chief reason for the divorce was that Catherine had failed to produce a male heir. Her only surviving child was Mary later Mary I of England. In addition, Henry was in love Anne Boleyn, a young and beautiful lady-in-waiting of the queen. Several obstacles however stood in the way of the divorce. Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, Catherine s nephew, strongly opposed the divorce, and Pope Clement VII, whom Charles had made a prisoner could not invalidate the marriage without displeasing his captor. In 1528 the pope was persuaded to appoint Henry s chief minister, the English cardinal and statesman Thomas Wolsey, and Lorenzo Camppegio, a papal legate, to try the case in an English legatine court. In 1529 the pope summoned the]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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        <item>
            <title>Hgwellsdoc</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-hgwellsdoc.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: Herbert George Wells, the son of an unsuccessful tradesman, was born in Bromley on 21st September, 1866. After a basic education at a local school, Wells was apprenticed as a draper. Wells disliked the work and in 1883 became a pupil-teacher at Midhurst Grammar School. While at Midhurst Wells won a scholarship to the School of Science where he was taught biology by T. H. Huxley. Wells found Huxley an inspiring teacher and as a result developed a strong interest in evolution. Wells founded and edited the Science Schools Journal while at university. Wells was disappointing with the teaching he received in the second year and so in 1887 he left without obtaining a degree. Wells spent the next few years teaching and writing and in 1891 his major essay on science, The Rediscovery of the Unique, was published in The Fortnightly Review. In 1895 Wells established himself as a novelist in 1895 with his science fiction story, The Time Machine. This was followed by two more successful novels, The Island of Dr. Moreau (1896) and The War of the Worlds (1898). Wells also became very popular in the United States. The popular magazine Cosmopolitan serialised two of his books, The War of the Worlds (1897) and First Man in the Moon (1900). His work also appeared in Colliers Magazine, the New Republic and the Saturday Evening Post. Wells also began writing non-fiction books about politics, technology and the future. This included Anticipations of the Reaction of Mechanical and Scientific Progress Upon Human Life and Thought (1901), The Discovery of the Future (1902) and Mankind in the Making (1903). These books impressed the three leaders of the Fabian Society, George Bernard Shaw, Sidney Webb and Beatrice Webb. Wells accepted their suggestion that he should join the society. Once a member of the Fabian Society, Wells tried to change it. Rather than a small group of intellectuals discussing socialist reform, Wells thought that it should be a large pressure group agitating for change. When the existing leadership resisted these ideas, Wells attempted to gain control of the organisation. Wells managed to gain election to the Fabian Societys Executive Committee but gained little support for change from the rest of the group. Wells resigned from the Fabian Society in 1908 but continued to be active in the campaign for socialism. His book A Modern Utopia expressed a desire for a society that was run and organised by humanistic and well-educated people. Wells, who was extremely critical of the role that privilege and hereditary factors in capitalist society and in his utopia, people gain power as a result of their intelligence and training. In his early scientific writings Wells predicted the invention of modern weapons such as the tank and the atom bomb. He was therefore horrified by the outbreak of the First World War. Unlike many socialists, he supported Britains involvement in the war, however, he believed politicians should use this opportunity to]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>India - Varianta 1</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-india_varianta_1.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: Nume oficial Bharat. Republica Indiana este situata in Asia de sud si se invecineaza cu Pakistan, Afghanistan, R. P. Chineza, Nepal, Bhutan, Birmania, Bangladesh, Oc. Indian (Golful Bengal, Marea Arabiei). Ca suprafata se intinde pe o distanta de 3165596km2. India are la ora actuala o populatie de 967613000 loc. Ocupand locul 2 in lume si cu o densitate de 305, 7 loc. /km2 se incadreaza in primele 18 tari. Acest stat care are o deschidere mare la oceanul Indian are capitala la New Delhi. Statul este impartit in 25 de state federale, 6 teritorii autonome, capitala. In India sunt doua limbi oficiale hindi, engleza. Cultul este Hinduism 80%, Islamism (majoritatea sunniti) 11%, crestinism 2% (in principal catolici), religia sikh, budism. Sarbatoarea nationala o au pe 26 ianuarie 1950 aniversarea proclamarii republici aceasta zi fiind declarata ziua nationala. Ca organizare de stat India este o republica prezidentiala potrivit constitutiei in vigoare adoptata la 21 ianuarie 1950. Fiecare stat are un guvernator numit de presedinte pentru o perioada de 6 ani, un Consiliu de Ministri, si o Adunare Legislativa. Anii 80 si 90 sunt marcati de tensionarea treptata a vietii interne. Miscari insurectionale teroriste locale cu tendinte secesioniste se manifesta in Punjab, Assamm si indeosebi in Jammu si Kashmir, iar ascensiunea nationalismului hindus cu trasaturi fundamentaliste, exacerbeaza primatul natiunii, religiei si castelor in dauna individului si autoritatii statale risca dinamiteze echilibrul stabilit dupa proclamarea independentei. In alegerile parlamentare centrale din 1993, 1996 si 1998, pierdute de P. Congresului National Indian, partidul de dreapta, Bharatiya Janata, de orientare hinduso-fundamentalista se afla in continua ascensiune, presedintele acestui partid, constituind in martie 1998 un guvern de coalitie. Imperativele pe baza carora s-a cristalizat politica externa a Indiei au fost sentimental de grandoare izvorat din dimensiunea geografica, demografica si vechimea civilizatiei si rolul asumat de putere regionala in Asia de S. De aici refuzul bipolarismului din anii razboiului rece, cand India s-a afirmat ca un reprezentant de frunte al Conferintei de la Bandung din 1955 si al miscarii de nealiniere din lumea a treia. Relatiile conflictuale cu Pakistanul instaurate din clipa proclamarii independentei (razboaiele din 1947-48, 1971) au alimentat cursa inarmarii, care a facut astazi din ambele state puteri nucleare. In 1971 India a sprijinit miscarea de emancipare a Pakistanului Oriental, soldata cu proclamarea noului stat independent Bangladesh. Kashmirul-stat cu cu pop. Majoritar musulmana (75%), dar condus de un maharadjah hindus care a optat in 1947 pentru includerea in Uniunea Indiana-impartit provizoriu in 1949, in urma conflictului armat indo-pakistanez, intre India si Pakistan, constituie marul discordiei dintre cele doua tari. Conflictele de granite opun Indiei R. P. Chineze in 1956, 1959 si 1962. In 1971, India incheie cu URSS un tratat de prietenie.]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>International Womens Day</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-international_womens_day.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: International Womens Day (8 March) is an occasion marked by womens groups around the world. This date is also commemorated at the United Nations and is designated in many countries as a national holiday. When women on all continents, often divided by national boundaries and by ethnic, linguistic, cultural, economic and political differences, come together to celebrate their Day, they can look back to a tradition that represents at least nine decades of struggle for equality, justice, peace and development. International Womens Day is the story of ordinary women as makers of history; it is rooted in the centuries-old struggle of women to participate in society on an equal footing with men. In ancient Greece, Lysistrata initiated a sexual strike against men in order to end war; during the French Revolution, Parisian women calling for liberty, equality, fraternity marched on Versailles to demand womens suffrage. The idea of an International Womens Day first arose at the turn of the century, which in the industrialized world was a period of expansion and turbulence, booming population growth and radical ideologies. Following is a brief chronology of the most important events: In accordance with a declaration by the Socialist Party of America, the first National Womans Day was observed across the United States on 28 February. Women continued to celebrate it on the last Sunday of that month through 1913. The Socialist International, meeting in Copenhagen, established a Womens Day, international in character, to honour the movement for womens rights and to assist in achieving universal suffrage for women. The proposal was greeted with unanimous approval by the conference of over 100 women from 17 countries, which included the first three women elected to the Finnish parliament. No fixed date was selected for the observance. As a result of the decision taken at Copenhagen the previous year, International Womens Day was marked for the first time (19 March) in Austria, Denmark, Germany and Switzerland, where more than one million women and men attended rallies. In addition to the right to vote and to hold public office, they demanded the right to work, to vocational training and to an end to discrimination on the job. Less than a week later, on 25 March, the tragic Triangle Fire in New York City took the lives of more than 140 working girls, most of them Italian and Jewish immigrants. This event had a significant impact on labour legislation in the United States, and the working conditions leading up to the disaster were invoked during subsequent observances of International Womens Day. 1913-1914 As part of the peace movement brewing on the eve of World War I, Russian women observed their first International Womens Day on the last Sunday in February 1913. Elsewhere in Europe, on or around 8 March of the following year, women held rallies either to protest the war or to express solidarity with their]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>Internet In Our Daily Life</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-internet_in_our_daily_life.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: There is a big influence of technique on our daily life. Electronic devices, multimedia and computers are things we have to deal with everyday. Especially the Internet is becoming more and more important for nearly everybody as it is one of the newest and most forward-looking media and surely the medium of the future. Therefore we thought that it would be necessary to think about some good and bad aspects of how this medium influences us, what impacts it has on our social behaviour and what the future will look like. The Internet changed our life enormously, there is no doubt about that. There are many advantages of the Internet that show you the importance of this new medium. What I want to say is that Internet changed our life in a positive way. First we have to make a differentiation concerning the usage. You can use the Internet at home for personal or you at work for professional usage. Let s come to the first. To spend a part of our day on the Internet is for many people quite normal. They use this kind of medium to get information about all kinds topics. Maybe some of them are interested in chatting probably they are members of a community. Whatever you are looking for, you will find it. Even if you want to have very specific information, you will find it in a short time. Normally, you often have to send a letter, than you have to wait for the reception of the reply, or you have to make some telephone calls and so on. In any case, the traditional way is the longer one. To put your own information on the Internet is also possible. Create your own homepage, tell other users about your interests, what you want, that s no problem at all. As we all know, software costs a lot, if you buy it legal. Free software, free music is available on the Internet. You just have to download the program, the mp3-file or whatever and that s it. Why do you want to pay more as you need to? Special websites are created just to give you the newest programs, or to tell you where you can get it from. Napster might actually be the most famous one. The computer is a fix part of every modern office and the greatest part has also an access to the Internet. Companies already present their products, their services on the Internet and so they get more flexible. The next advantage I want to mention is the faster development. Many universities and research institutions are also linked. They are able to exchange experiences, novelties and often they start new projects together. If they are linked, they can save time and money. Especially at the business sector knowledge is power. If you are the leader of a product, of a technology or just of an idea you are able to make a lot of money. To get into this position, the Internet can play an essential part. Companies all over the world are online. If you want, it is no problem for you to exchange experiences, you will hear new things, you will see some facts from another point of view. For this reason]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>Istoria Statelor Unite Ale Americii The History Of The Usa</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-istoria_statelor_unite_ale_americii_the_history_of_the_usa.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: The territory now part of the United States has been inhabited for from 15, 000 to 40, 000 years, as attested by local evidence. The aboriginal peoples, ancestral to todays American Indians, left no firm monuments on the scale of contemporaneous cultures elsewhere, but both the pueblos of the Southwest and the great mounds of the Mississippi River valley antedate the arrival of the European colonial powers. The original 13 British colonies that became the United States of America in 1776 were just one of several attempts by European powers to build empires in North America. All seized land from the native Indians, who then were usually either assimilated or driven off by superior European weapons. The Spaniards reached Florida as early as 1513 and New Mexico in 1540. The French began their exploration of the Mississippi River valley in 1673. The Russians reached Alaska in 1741. Of all the colonizers, the British were the most successful. In 1607 Jamestown became the first permanent British settlement in North America and the foundation of the Virginia colony. It was followed 13 years later by the Pilgrim settlement at Plymouth, which was soon dwarfed by the Puritan colony of Massachusetts Bay. Most of New England was settled by Puritans fleeing either the harassment of Charles I or the orthodoxy of Massachusetts Bay. Pennsylvania was given to the Quaker William Penn as payment for a debt, and Maryland, a grant to the Roman Catholic George Calvert, was the first colony to establish religious freedom. New York, New Jersey, and Delaware were taken from the Dutch by the British in 1664, a year after the Carolinas had been granted to eight British noblemen. The 13th colony was Georgia, founded by James Oglethorpe in 1732 as a refuge for debtors and convicts. When the British successfully evicted the French from North America in 1763, they embarked on a number of policies that the colonials found increasingly onerous. Settlement was prohibited west of the Appalachians and measures were passed to raise revenue in the colonies. These revenue-raising measures and Britains generally exploitive mercantilist economic policy irked the colonials, who began to band together to oppose and subvert the measures. Britain increased its military presenceto enforce compliance (a presence part of whose cost was exacted from the colonials), and fighting broke out in 1775. The Second Continental Congress, acting for the 13 colonies, declared independence on July 4, 1776, and created. Articles of Confederation to govern the new nation. Victory over the British came in 1783, and the resulting Treaty of Paris established U. S. boundaries, except for Spanish Florida, west to the Mississippi River. The Articles of Confederation provided a weak central government and proved inadequate to govern the growing nation. A new constitution was created in 1787, ratified in 1788, and took effect in 1789. George Washington was the first president, and his sober and reasoned]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>Jerome David Salinger The Catcher In The Rye</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-jerome_david_salinger_the_catcher_in_the_rye.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: As a novelist, J. D. Salinger belongs to a distinct group of American writers who began their literary careers during or immediately after the Second World War, the so-called young novelists James Baldwin, William Styron, etc. The Ctcher in the Rye confirmed and sustained his reputation and gained him a position as one of the most important American writers of the young generation. The book is nevertheless a first-rate novel and one of the most convincing studies of adolescence ever to be written by an American. Salinger is widely seen as a keen students of children. In 1951 he published The Catcher in the Rye a touching psychological study of adolescence, in which he views the American way of life through the eyes of a teen-age nonconformist, Holden Caulfield, a twentieth century rival of Twains Huck Finn. Holden is a person whose defining quality is his inability to behave according to the strict morals and social code of the day. Salingers sensitive and defiant school boy defies conventions and remains innocent about them. Holden images himself protecting a group of children happily playing in a rye field, from falling into a nearby precipice: keep picturing these little kids, playing some game in this big field of rye. Thousands of little kids, and nobody around nobody big, I mean except me. And I am standing on the edge of some crazy cliff. What I have to do? I have to catch everybody if they start to go over the cliff. I mean if they are running and they dont look where they are going. I have to come out from somewhere and catch them. Thats all I do all day. Id just be the catcher in the rye and all. Facing hypocrisy, Holden dreams of innocent childhood, of a never-ending game. The symbol is obvious- Holden will be the one who catches children not to fall into the precipice of adulthood, preserving their pure and innocent state. The excerpt from the book (chapter 9) concentrates on the idea of Holdens obsessive retreat into a fantasy world symbolized here by his genuine concern for the fate of the ducks in Central Park. It illustrates Holdens loneliness and alienation from the phony society full of taboos, norms and convention which are but a front for its lack of purpose, hypocrisy and prejudices. Salinger observes in his hero the so-called phenomenon of immaturity, the desire not to grow up of the post-war young American generation. Holden is rejected by society (dominant theme of the novel is the helplessness of the adolescent half child, half adult in an adult society). But since society doesnt give a damn about him, he doesnt give a damn about it either. He creates a world of his own, emphasizing his higher sensitivity and thirst for purity. His rejection is complete when he cannot communicate with the cab driver, who, all the other grown-ups in his life, is a corny wise guy. When he tries to find out from the driver where the ducks on the lagoon near Central Park South go in winter, the]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>Jocuri Care Se Pot Juca De Valentines Day</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-jocuri_care_se_pot_juca_de_valentines_day.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: This game is similar to musical chairs. First you must make one big red heart that a person can hold in both hands. Everyone stands in a circle. A parent, teacher, or a student then plays music (it can be any popular love song or song about friendship). As the music plays you pass the paper heart clock-wise. When the music stops the person standing on the left of the person holding the heart is out - he or she must exit the game. The game continues when the music begins again. The game continues until the last person remains holding the heart.  Give the winner a box of candy! This game is a fun outdoor game for a group of kids. You will need just one small paper red heart (small enough to fit into someones closed fist). First divide everyone into two teams. Team A and Team B. Each team should then pick one person to be captain. Each team must have a home base at opposite ends of the playing fields. Be sure that you point out boundaries. The two captains meet and decide who will begin first. One team takes the paper heart and huddles (gets into a small circle) so that the captain can secretly give one person the paper heart. Since the other team is probably watching everyone may want to pretend they have the heart.  Then both teams line up facing each other about four feet apart. On the word go by a teacher or parent the team without the heart must then chase and tag members of the other team. When tagged you stop and open your hands to reveal if you have the heart or not. If the person tagged does not have the heart he or she says, sorry - race for the heart! He or she then must stand in place while the tagging team seeks out other players. The team player with the heart must run towards the opposite teams safety base. If he or she gets there safely without being tagged then their team gets a point and the game starts over. If he or she gets tagged, then the heart is given to the other team and the play begins again. You can set the number of total points to win.  Have fun! This is exactly like the game, If you love me honey, please smile! Have everyone sitting in a circle with one person being IT in the middle. The person who is IT then goes up to anyone and says, Hi! Can you please be my valentine, please smile! The person then must respond to it by says, Sorry, I cannot be your valentine. I cannot smile. The person saying this cannot smile at all. If he or she does, then they become IT and have to go into the center and start the game over. The person who was IT takes the seat of the person going in! Lots of laughs! HIDE THE HEART. All you have to do is make some red paper hearts and hide them around the room (or classroom). Have your friends go and find them. GUESS THE NAME TAG Create some name tags with words that relate with Valentines Day. Such as hearts, flowers, red, white, pink, and love. You will then tape this tags on peoples backs. But they cannot look for the names. They must not find out what]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>King Arthurs Legend</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-king_arthurs_legend.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: Arthurian Legend, group of tales that developed in the Dark Ages concerning Arthur, semihistorical king of the Britons, and his knights. The legend is a complex weaving of ancient Celtic mythology with later tradiditions around a core of possible historical authenticity. The earliest references to Arthur found in Welsh sources - the poem, Y Gododdin (c. 600), histories written in Latin, in the 9th and 10th centuries, and tales in the Welsh story collection The Mabinogion (c. 1100). In one of these tales Arthur s wife, Guinevere, and his knights Kay, Bedivere and Gawain make their appearance. The earliestcontinuous Arthurian narrative is given in the Historia Regum Britanniae (c. 1139) by the English writer Geoffrey of Monmouth. Here Arthur is identified as the son of the British king Uther Pentragon and his counsellor Merlin is introduced. The Historia mentions the isle of Avalon, where Arthur went to recover from wounds after his last batlle, and it tells of Guinevere s infidelity and the rebellion instigated by Arthur s nepheww Mordred. All later developments of the Arthurian legend are based on Geoffrey s work. Thus, the first English Arthuurian story, in the poet Layamon s Roman de Brut (1205) is an English version of Geoffrey s Historia. Arthur os depictedas a warrion on an epic scale; and the story of his magic sword Excalibur, which only he could extract from a rock, is incluted for the first time. An Arthurian tradition also developed in Europe, probably based on stories handeddown from the Celts, who migrated to Brittany in the 5th and 6th centuries. By 1100Arthurian romances were known as far away as Italy. Inspirated by chivalry and courtly love, they are more concerned with the exploits of Arthur s knights than with Arthur himself. The oldest of the French Arthurian romances is a series of 12th - century poems by Chetien de Troyes. One introduces Lancelot, Arthur s chief knight and his rival for Guinevere s love; another poem about Percival (see beloww) is the search for the Holy Grail, which from then on was incorporated into the legend. Chretien s work had great influence on later Arthurian romance, particulary early German versions, such as Erec and Lwein, by the 12th - century poet Hartmann von Aue and the epic Parzifal (c. 1210 0), by Wolfram von Eschenbach. By the early 13th century the story of Tristan and Iseult (or Tristan and Isolde), from another Celtic tradition, was added to the Arthurian legend. English Arthurian romances, datingfrom the 13th and 14th centuries, concerned individual knights - Percival and Galahad, the Grail knights, and especially Gawain. The culminating masterpiece of these was anonymously written Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (c. 1370). A number of these were retold, in English prose, by Thomas Malory in his Morte d Arthur (1485). On this book the poet Alfred, Lord Tennyson based his Idylls of the King (1859 - 1885]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>Labrador Retriever</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-labrador_retriever.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: One of the world s most popular breds, the Labrador traces its origins back to the St. John s regions of Newfoundland, Canada. There it was known as the Small Water Dog, to differentiate it from the larger Newfoundland. Trade in salted cod brought the bred to the port of Pole in Dorset, England, where local landowners acquired specimens and refined their breeding for use as gundogs. Waterproof, water loving, affable, gregarious, and family oriented this delicious range of adjectives describes one of the world s most popular family companions. The Labrador once worked from the shores of the granite-rocked inlets of the Newfoundland coast, retrieving the cork floats of fishing nets and swimming them ashore, so that fishermen could pull in the fish-filled nets. Today, this steadfast bred is the quintessence of the agreeable canine member of the human family. Unfortunately, many individuals do not live up to the image they carry. Some suffer from hereditary cataracts, hip and elbow arthritis, and even wayward temperaments. Despite this, the Labrador Retriever is one of the most loyal and dependable breeds in the world. General: medium size, short-coupled, with a short, dense coat. -hunter dog He is a very good dog with children. So lets buy a Labrador Retriever.]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>Lady D - Varianta 1</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-lady_d_varianta_1.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: LONDON (CNN) - Princess Dianas injuries from the Paris car crash were so severe and her blood loss so massive it would have been impossible for her to survive, British doctors said Sunday. As details emerged about the accident that killed the princess and her millionaire Egyptian companion Dodi Fayed in Paris, medical experts in London heaped praise on their French counterparts and said they had done everything possible to save her life. I think one would say they were unsurvivable injuries, said Alaistair Wilson, the director of emergency services at the Royal London Hospital. The French ambulance service, the people doing the extrication (from the mangled wreck) and the hospital certainly appear to me to have done extremely well. On the evidence Ive got, they get top marks for doing all and a bit more, he added. Diana, 36, died of cardiac arrest after doctors at Paris Hospital La Pitie Salpetriere repaired a tear in a ruptured pulmonary vein and massaged her heart for two hours in an effort to get it pumping again. Last-ditch attempts not rare Doctors last-ditch attempts to save Diana, including the lengthy heart massage, are considered extreme but hardly rare, especially for healthy young victims of auto accidents. When Diana arrived at the hospital, she was bleeding heavily from the chest. Dr. Bruno Riou, head of the hospitals intensive care unit, said doctors opened her chest and found an important wound of the left pulmonary vein, which carries blood from the lungs to the heart. The wound, the apparent source of the bleeding, was closed. The doctors tried to revive her with the chest massage - first externally and then directly to the heart - but it failed and she was declared dead about four hours after the crash. Not just celebrities Its not just celebrities who get that kind of treatment, said Dr. Thomas Martin, an emergency medicine specialist at the University of Washington Medical Center in Seattle. Its probably not much different than would be done for any other young healthy person. When the heart stops beating, doctors have about four minutes to restore blood flow before permanent brain damage sets in. Even if the heart fails to begin pumping again on its own, however, doctors can often prevent brain injury by pushing on the heart to restore circulation. In cases of cardiac arrest following multiple severe injuries, such as bad car crashes, doctors may open up the chest both to look for sources of bleeding and to give them direct access to the heart. Standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation - CPR - performed externally on the chest, typically pumps about 10 percent of the usual amount of blood. But massaging the naked heart directly can achieve almost normal circulation. Opening up the chest is only done as a last-resort measure to try to salvage. But if you dont open up the chest, you might as well pronounce them dead, said Dr. David Frankle of]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>Lady D - Varianta 2</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-lady_d_varianta_2.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: http: //www7. cnn. com/index. htmlhttp: //www7. cnn. com/index. htmlhttp: //www7. cnn. com/index. html http: //www7. cnn. com/MAPS/9707/navs/world. maphttp: //www7. cnn. com/MAPS/9707/navs/world. map http: //www7. cnn. com/MAPS/9704/explore. maphttp: //www7. cnn. com/MAPS/9704/explore. maphttp: //www7. cnn. com/MAPS/9704/explore. map http: //www7. cnn. com/MAPS/9704/spotlight. maphttp: //www7. cnn. com/MAPS/9704/spotlight. maphttp: //www7. cnn. com/MAPS/9704/spotlight. map http: //barnesandnoble. bfast. com/booklink/click? sourceid=11764&categoryid=cnnsearchhttp: //barnesandnoble. bfast. com/booklink/click? sourceid=11764&categoryid=cnnsearchhttp: //barnesandnoble. bfast. com/booklink/click? sourceid=11764&categoryid=cnnsearch LONDON (CNN) - Princess Dianas injuries from the Paris car crash were so severe and her blood loss so massive it would have been impossible for her to survive, British doctors said Sunday. As details emerged about the accident that killed the princess and her millionaire Egyptian companion Dodi Fayed in Paris, medical experts in London heaped praise on their French counterparts and said they had done everything possible to save her life. I think one would say they were unsurvivable injuries, said Alaistair Wilson, the director of emergency services at the Royal London Hospital. The French ambulance service, the people doing the extrication (from the mangled wreck) and the hospital certainly appear to me to have done extremely well. On the evidence Ive got, they get top marks for doing all and a bit more, he added. Diana, 36, died of cardiac arrest after doctors at Paris Hospital La Pitie Salpetriere repaired a tear in a ruptured pulmonary vein and massaged her heart for two hours in an effort to get it pumping again. Last-ditch attempts not rare Doctors last-ditch attempts to save Diana, including the lengthy heart massage, are considered extreme but hardly rare, especially for healthy young victims of auto accidents. When Diana arrived at the hospital, she was bleeding heavily from the chest. Dr. Bruno Riou, head of the hospitals intensive care unit, said doctors opened her chest and found an important wound of the left pulmonary vein, which carries blood from the lungs to the heart. The wound, the apparent source of the bleeding, was closed. The doctors tried to revive her with the chest massage - first externally and then directly to the heart - but it failed and she was declared dead about four hours after the crash. Not just celebrities Its not just celebrities who get that kind of treatment, said Dr. Thomas Martin, an emergency medicine specialist at the University of Washington Medical Center in Seattle. Its probably not much different than would be done for any other young healthy person. When the heart stops beating, doctors have about four minutes to restore blood flow before permanent brain damage sets in. Even if the heart fails to begin pumping again on its own, however, doctors can often]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>Letter Of Recomandation</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-letter_of_recomandation.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: I met Mr. Razvan Constantin DURBACA on September 2000, as I was his teacher of Physics course for two years. We also colaborated in termodinamic research. I remarked Mr. Razvan Constantin DURBACA at our laboratory class, giving his best. I saw how interested he was, how well organized and informed. He was the most active in Scientiphic Seminar. As a person, he is an enthusiastic, energetic, hard working person, with team spirit and good communication skills. For all the reasons I put in that resume, I strongly recommend Mr. Razvan Constantin DURBACA for a scintiphic research position at your Physics Centre, as I believe he is the perfect match for this job.]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>Local Galaxy Group</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-local_galaxy_group.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: The majority of galaxies1 form groups held together by gravity. Some groups are really gargantuan in size, e. g., groups in Virgo and Berenices Hair constellations feature thousands of galaxies stretched over some 20 million light years. Smaller galaxy groups do exist, an example is our own galaxy - the Milky Way. This group, called Local Group, comprises some 30 galaxies stretched over some 5 million light years. The most famous galaxies of the Local Group are Milky Way, Andromeda, and M33 galaxy in the Triangulum constellation. The groups themselves form less thick groups, called supergroups. The latter are the greatest objects in the Universe, stretched over hundreds of millions of light years. The Local Group is a part of the Local Supergroup, the center of which is located in the group in Virgo constellation. The galaxies that have no regular form are called irregular. An example is the Lesser Magellanic Cloud. The irregular galaxies are very small, much less than the Milky Way, yet they contain great amounts of gas from which new stars are formed. The Lesser Magellanic Cloud is among the nearest to the Milky Way, it can be seen in the Southern Hemisphere. Elliptical galaxies are very few in number in the Local Group, and are only poorly visible. An example is the M87 galaxy from the Virgo Group. It is a big ball made of more than a thousand billion old red stars and a few novas. The stars always move in the same direction in an elliptical galaxy. NGC1365, part of the Fornax group, is a spiral galaxy with a short bridge comprised of older stars. The ends of bridge feature arms. Such spiral is called a bridge. The bridge rotates as if it were a solid body, however, it is made from millions of separate stars. It is possible that the Milky Way is also such a galaxy.]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>London - Varianta 2</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-london_varianta_2.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: London (England), city, is the capital of the United Kingdom. It is situated in south - eastern England at the head of the River Thames estuary. Settled by the Romans as an important shipping point for crops and minerals, it gradually developed into the wealthy capital of a thriving industrial and agricultural nation. The expansion in the 19th century of the British Empire increased London s influence still further. SinceWorld War II the city s prominence on the international stage has diminshed, but it remains a flourishing financial centre and home to one of the world s most important stock exchanges. In addition, it is the foremost tourist destination in Britain, a centre of academic excellence and one of the cultural capitals of the world - well deserving of the observation by Samuel Johnson that: When a man is tired of London, he is tired of life. The term City of London, or the City, is applied only to a small area known as the SquareMile (2. 59 sq km/1 sq mi) that was the original settlement (ancient Londinium) and is now part of the financial and business district of the metropolis. The city of London and 32 surrounding boroughs constitute the Greater London metropolitan area, which covers some 1, 580 sq km (620 sq mi). The 13 inner London boroughs are Camden, Hackney, Hammersmith and Fulham, Haringery, Islington, Kensington and Chelsea, Lambeth, Lewisham, Newham, Southwark, Tower Hamlets, Wandsworth and the City of Westminster. The 19 outer boroughs are Barking and Dagenham, Barnet, Bexley, Brent, Bromley, Croydon, Ealing, Enfield, Greenwich, Harrow, Havering, Hillingdon, Hounslow, Kingston upon Thames, Merton Redbridge, Richmond upon Thames, Sutton and Waltham Forest. London s museums and art galleries contain some of the most comprehesive collection of objects of artistic, archaeological, dcientific, historical and general interest. The British Museum in Bloomsbury is one of the biggest an most famous museums in the world. Its collectionrange from Egyptian and Classical antiquities through Saxon treasures to more recent artefacts. The Victoria and Albert Museum in South Kensington is an assembly of fine and decorative art collection from all over the world. There are magnificent examples of porcelain, glass, sculpture, fabrics and costume, furniture, and musical instruments, all set in a building of Victorian grandeur. Nearby are the Museum of Natural History and the Science Museum. On the other side of London, in the city itself, is the Museum of London, which has exhibits dealing with the development of the capital from its origins to the present day. The National Gallery in Trafalgar Square contains one of the finest mixed collections of paintings in the world. Next door is the NationalPortrait Gallery, whose collection includes more than 9, 000 portraits. The Tate Gallery, situated on the Embankmen between Chelsea and Westminster, houses]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>London - Varianta 3</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-london_varianta_3.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: London is the capital of the United Kingdom. It is situated in the southeaster England at the head of the River Thames estuary. The city of London and 32 surrounding boroughs constitute the Greater London metropolitan area which comes some 1580 square kilometers (13 inner boroughs of which Chelsea is the most popular and 19 outer boroughs of which just Greenwich is known) London is still one of the world s major financial and cultural capitals. Whit a population of about 7 million this vast metropolis is by far the larges in Europe. The Thames River which runs through London is the most important river in England and the main source of water supply. Most of central London is located along the Thames and a number of bridges over the river connect the northern and southern parts of London. The seat of the British government is in London in The House of Parliament, officially the New Palace of Westminister. Parliament consists of the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The current building was build in the mid 19-th century and was designed by British architect Sir Charles Barry. Big Ben is the great bell in the Clock Tower on the eastern end of the Houses of Parliament. It was named after Sir Benjamin Hall, London chief commissioner of works in 1858 when the bell was hung. Westminster Abbey, built in Gothic style has been the scene of coronation of sovereigns from William the Conqueror in 1066 to Elizabeth] [in 1953. One of the greatest treasures of the Abbey is the oaken Coronation Chair, maid in the 1300. Buckingham Palace in Westminster is the official London residence of the British sovereign. Its interior is opened to the public during August and September while the queen is on vacation, contains many elegantly furnished apartments and noted collections of Paintings. The famous changing of the guards takes place outside Buckingham Palace. The Crystal Palace built entirely of cast iron and glass, was designed by architect Sir Joseph Paxton for the first universal fair, the Great Exebition of 1851. The fair drew more than 6 million visitors to see an estimated eight miles of display tables located inside the Crystal Palace. 10 Downing Street has been the home of the British Prime Minister since 1732. It is the symbol of British political power. St. Paul s Cathedral is the most impressive church in London, began in 1675 to a design by Cristop ver Wren. It was built to replace the old St. Paul s Cathedral that was destroyed by the Great Fire of London in 1666. London Zoo is in the heart of London, on the north side of Regent s Park. Today the Zoo looks after over 12000 animals whit 650 species accommodated of which 112 species are listed as threatened in Red Data books and 146 participate in breeding programmes. Piccadilly Circus is one of the busiest attractions in the city and the heart of London s theatre land. The fountain with the statue of Eros on top is a favourite meeting place for young people. At night the]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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        <item>
            <title>Lonely</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-lonely.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: Observing social and moral issues in literary works one can easily remark their tight relationship, perhaps we could even call it interdependance but there are pieces of work where these issues are vital and generate the whole narrative web. Among these issues there are some wich are deeply delicate because they referr to our very intimate mental stucture and touch the most important human feature: sociability and the lack of it that is loneliness. Being alone, no human could ever proove his humanhood. I would like to proove the social reminiscences of man in isolation and in direct relationship his power to create a new social system or at least a set of social rules to follow. I chose Frankenstein and Robinson Crusoe because of their deep influence upon modern and postmodern art and literature but also because of their cultural background and complexity. One can easily observe the almost vulgar image of these two caracters, wich exists at this moment, they have endured a desacralisation because modern society has a phobia of loneliness and it has grown either into a taboo or into banality but if we get rid of prejudice we seize the contemporary dimensions of this theme. Loneliness has different patterns in the two novels, Robinsons is a natural loneliness, an unwilling detachement from the world with feeble temptatives to escape because he is able to appreciate loneliness. This resignation has been analyzed by various critics and it has been given a political sense. I, myself have sensed the idea of power, political and social power. Robinson is a god and the governor of his island, he is the messenger of God the Allmighty. He is not antisocial, he even tries to create a new England in those remote surroundings. Readers are impressed by his sense of organization and by his making a set of rules, social and political ones, though his subjects are nothing but animals in the beginning, but these animals recognize him as the master they totally depend on him. This type of loneliness creates a homo domesticus able to create an adequate habitat and even a home. Frankensteins monster is also solitary and lonesome allthough not isolated but his type of loneliness is not a natural one, he is isolated and rejected by society, he is not willing to be lonesome he is notable to create a set of rules and govern upon the others, not even upon himself. This is the main difference between Robinson and the monster, the lattercannot pass over his condition and create a system. I would like to stress upon the fact that both possess power but the monsters is purely physical so he reacts very agressively to loneliness. Theoretically they are both in the same situation: as God sent Robinson in exile, the creator of the monster, Frankenstein has thrown his creation in loneliness. If we look closely in their exhibition of power they both give signs of weakness, Robinson by fencing his Castle. the monster by hiding even before he knows he]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>Louisa May Aacott</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-louisa_may_aacott.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: Louisa May Alcott was born on November 29, 1832, in Germantown, Pennsylvania. When she was almost 2 years old, Louisas family moved to Massachusetts, the state where she lived the bulk of her life. The family moved many times over the years, usually back and forth between Boston and Concord (Mass.). Some notable places Louisa lived were Fruitlands in Harvard, Massachusetts; Hillside in Concord; and Orchard House, also in Concord. Fruitlands was the site of her fathers attempt at Utopian living, which she wrote about in Transcendental Wild Oats, thirty years later in 1873. Louisas childhood at Hillside (later renamed Wayside by Nathaniel Hawthorne, when he lived there) served as the basis for the action in her most popular novel, Little Women, which she wrote as an adult living in Orchard House. Interestingly, these latter two houses were located next door to each other, with a walking path through the woods between. They are both still standing and open for tours in Concord. Louisa May Alcotts father, Amos Bronson Alcott, was an important-though controversial-man in his times and in his community. He is perhaps best known for being a philosopher and an education reformer, but he was also a leader in the Transcendentalist movement as well as a teacher, school superintendent, and an author [Moore and Dapper]. He established both the Temple School, in Boston, and the Concord School of Philosophy. Although he was a loving father, he was not very responsible or practical, so Louisas mother, Abigail May Alcott, filled the role of head of household. Just like Jo, the protagonist in her Little Women, Louisa had three sisters-one older (Anna Bronson Alcott) and two younger (Elizabeth Lizzie Sewall Alcott and Abba May Alcott). And, much like Jos sister Beth, Lizzie died at age 22 from complications of scarlet fever. But, unlike Jo, Louisa also had a little brother, who died as an infant [Dapper]. Louisa May Alcott was a versatile writer who started at an early age. At the encouragement of her father, she kept a diary as a child-which probably helped her to discover her love and talent for writing and surely provided ideas later for her various plots and characters. As a teenager, Louisa wrote several plays, poems, and short stories. She achieved publication for the first time at age nineteen, with a poem entitled Sunlight (1851), which she wrote under the pseudonym, Flora Fairfield [Myerson and Moore]. The title of Ms. Alcotts first published short story was The Rival Painters: A Tale of Rome (1852) [Myerson and Dapper], and her first published book was Flower Fables  (1854), a collection of short fairy-tale stories and poems which she had originally created to entertain Ralph Waldo Emersons daughter Ellen. Louisa May Alcott wrote her first novel, The Inheritance, at age seventeen, but it went unpublished for nearly 150 years until 1997, after two researchers (Joel Myerson and Daniel Shealy) stumbled across the]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>Michelangelo - Varianta 1</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-michelangelo_varianta_1.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: The life of the great artist began on the 6th of March, 1475. He was burn in Casentino, Caprese. His parents were Lodovico di Leonardo Simioni and Francesca di Neri di Miniato del Sera. Michelangelo s first teacher was Francesco da Urbino. He had to teach young Michelangelo grammar, but Michelangelo was not very fond of it. He often ran away from school to the church, for drawing icons. Michelangelo s father saw that his son had more practical skills then academic achievements. He saw the talent of a great artist in his son. So, in 1488, with the help of Francesco Granacci, Lodovico sent Michelangelo as an apprentice in Domenico Ghirlandaio s studio. In 1489, Bertodolo di Giovanni, sculptor and colector of ancient things, helped Michelangelo to get into Lorenzo di Medici s Garden. Medici s Garden was a place, near San Marco, where the most talented young men were gathering. But in the 8th of April 1492, Lorenzo di Medici, the Magnificent, died. Michelangelo lost his protector and he had to work alone just for a while, because Piero, Magnificent s son, took him to the Medici s Palace. But Michelangelo didn t stay there for long. He ran away to Venetia, just before Piero s thrown away, in 1494. Then, Michelangelo moved to Bologna. He worked for Lorenzo di Piefrancesco dei Medici Popolani. Later, in his way of recovering a statue sculpted by himself, Michelangelo went to Rome. He sat there 5 years: from 1496 to 1501. From that period there are two famous sculptures: Bachus, made for Jacopo Galli and Pieta from San Pietro. For unknown reasons, Michelangelo returned to Fluorinate. He sat there from 1501 to 1505. He found everything changed. But a great thing happened to him: he met Leonardo da Vinci. Michelangelo had the opportunity to be in touch with da Vinci s work and da Vinci himself. Leonardo, who was 23 years older, encouraged Michelangelo. They did not become friends. But important was that Michelangelo agreed the fact that Leonardo was still better than he was and tried to learn from him, and Leonardo understood that Michelangelo s talent was real and very well used. During the time spent in Fluorinate Michelangelo sculpted a lot of statues. The first job was coming from Cardinal Francesco Piccolomini (future Pope Pirus II), Jacopo Galli s friend. Michelangelo had to make 15 statues for the Cathedral from Siena, in 4 years. Michelangelo s behavior was at least weird. He did not respect the engagement. At the end of the period he had only 4 statues. Michelangelo made another sculpture, Madonna from Brunger, for the Cathedral from Siena, but he changed his mind: he sold it in 1506. He sculpted a lot of others Maddens. They were very beautiful pieces, unlike the ones from Siena. Michelangelo s statues gave the impression of life. At this time, Michelangelo met Donatello and Leonardo. And from now on, Donatello and Leonardo, beside the ancient influence, inspired Michelangelo s technique. Michelangelo s strange]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>Moving Beyond Y2k</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-moving_beyond_y2k.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: The abbreviation Y2K has dominated the vocabulary and budgets of corporate IT departments for so long now that many organizations may find it strange to start thinking beyond 2000. But with the rollover date less than four months away, post-Y2K plans are now part of the immediate rather than long-term future. And, after years of having to reallocate finances and energies toward the year 2000 bug, companies are finally getting their budgets and personnel back. Analysts say theres plenty to keep IT departments busy. To begin with, 53% of large companies say Y2K forced them to reduce spending in other key areas, according to a recent study from International Data Corp. (IDC). Cutbacks hit hardest at applications development - 69. 6% of companies said theyd trimmed budgets for major applications and 53. 7% had curtailed systems software projects. Some 67% cut spending on large to midrange servers and 64. 7% on end-user hardware, while 51. 9% reduced or postponed work on networks. Such figures suggest companies are now facing a daunting - and sprawling - to-do list. However, analysts say that once corporations take a good, hard look at both the status of their current systems and at company priorities, most will find that resources need to be channeled into a handful of precise areas as they shift focus from Y2K projects. The first priority is clearly implementing or acquiring enterprise applications, says Tom Oleson, research director and principal investigator for year 2000 at IDC. An overwhelming 42. 5% of corporate respondents in IDCs study said applications development would lead their projects list, and an additional 10% listed it as their second priority. Oleson notes that in some sectors, the need for major applications development was particularly urgent: 81% of respondents in business and legal services and 84. 8% in process manufacturing said this was a key worry. Gartner Group Inc. research director Dale Vecchio calls this the applications tsunami, the huge buildup of applications projects waiting to be unleashed - and which could engulf corporate energies unless carefully managed. Like many analysts, Vecchio believes enterprise resource planning packages in particular will lead the way. He also says companies will increasingly outsource such software projects - building, buying and managing them - rather than coding them in-house. Another leading concern for companies - some analysts feel it will be the major focus - is the Web. E-commerce, e-commerce and e-commerce tops the bill, says Andy Bochman, an analyst at Aberdeen Group Inc. This is whats been delayed, if anything has, and this is where theyll be putting their money and energy. He notes that the Internet is driving the development of company networks in general and says many companies are reporting that they now write applications specifically for the Web, rather than to the Windows platform alone. As Web applications get richer and more]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>National Bank Of Romania</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-national_bank_of_romania.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: BNR is a public institution, created as an effect of an organic law. More then 100 years ago. The law, dated on April 17th 29th 1880, for the setting up of a discount and emission bank, under the name of Romanian National Bank, offered the exclusive privilege of this institution to issue the Romanian state currency. Since the beginning, BNR was all the time the only emission bank, even if its economical functions the property regime or the institutional dimensions were altered significantly and sometime radically. BNR was created as a joint stock company with an initial capital of lei 12 mil. gold. Only the third part from this share capital was state property while the rest belongs while the rest belongs to individuals, whose interests were strong linked with the liberal upper bourgeoisie. The organic law from 1991, confirm that BNR has a share capital of 5 billion, entirely state owned, that property regime being considered by the legislators more proper for the new functions of the bank (planned as in case of west central banks with an authentic functional and decisional independence). Today, BNR is not a usual bank because, regard credit operations, the bank make transactions only with the state represented by the budget authority and the financial institutions. On the other hand, BNR is subordinated to the government; it is an institution that independently manages the public stocks, having specific economical and social changes. BNR keeps its own accounting based on generally accepted commercial principles, the bank having the possibility to close its activity on profit or, on the contrary, with losing. In spite of this, in all these years since 1880, the bank has never registered damages. The profit is imposed by the Finance Ministry, as an income to the state budget. The net income is distributed, according to the Romanian law, by the Executive Board of the bank, which is named and subordinated to the Romanian Parliament. The first and the most important economical and social change of BNR consists in supplying the monetary circulation in the whole country, with treasury note and metallic coin. The monetary values emission of the Romanian state is, by law, the monopoly of the BNR. From physical and valuable point of view the issue is permanently and the number of treasury notes and metallic coins being in circulation are the result of their putting in and backing out. The treasury notes and metallic coins value represents the most important position from the BNR liabilities balance sheet. As regard the assets of the bank, there are three types as are the following: loans granted to the banking companies; loans for the budget of the state; loans granted to abroad (from the country gold reserve or currency reserve administrated by BNR). These three important categories of assets are in correspondence with three monetary functions of BNR: the bank of the banks; cashier and banker of the]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>Nature - Varianta 1</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-nature_varianta_1.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: I am happy to enjoy Singing spring birds in the trees And I am happy and merry And I sing again Because this bright day It is spring again.]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>Nature - Varianta 2</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-nature_varianta_2.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: When you live in a big city you surely have stress problems. Pollution, noise, crwods, nervousness, overtaxing work (maybe at home, too), these are the things that can make you say that you are tired, and you want to forget about them, at least for a while. The sollution is very simple: just get in a train and go to a calm place, somewhere in nature. It could be near a small lake, in a forest, on a coast or in the mountains. All you have to do is to relax, to forget about your everyday problem, because usually people have the tendency to enter into automatism, like a machine: wake up in the morning, go to work, drink coffe, go shopping, return home, watch TV, go to bed and then start all over again. Nature could be a mirror for ourselves in which we can see who we become and which are the really important things in our lives. In this way nature can be a place of meditation and at the same time an inexhaustible source of energies. Also nature should be an example of harmony and balance for our lives. Nature is, for me, more than the place where I can be myself, it is also a teacher and a friend close to my heart. I hope that a lot of people who think and feel like me. I also hope that I have pointed enough reasons to convice you to return to nature, to respect her and to protect her.]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>Nuclear Energy Fission And Fusion</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-nuclear_energy_fission_and_fusion.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: Another major form of energy is nuclear energy, the energy that is trapped inside each atom. One of the laws of the universe is that matter and energy cant be created nor destroyed. But they can be changed in form. Matter can be changed into energy. The famous scientist Albert Einstein created the mathematical formula that explains this. It is: E [energy] equals m [mass] times c2 [c stands for the speed of light. c2 means c times c, or the speed of light raised to the second power - or c-squared.] Scientists used Einsteins famous equation as the key to unlock atomic energy and also create atomic bombs. The ancient Greeks said the smallest part of nature is an atom. But they did not know 2, 000 years ago about natures even smaller parts. Atoms are made up of smaller particles - a nucleus of protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons which swirl around the nucleus much like the earth revolves around the sun. An atoms nucleus can be split apart. When this is done, a tremendous amount of energy is released. The energy is both heat and light energy. This energy, when let out slowly, can be harnessed to generate electricity. When it is let out all at once, it makes a tremendous explosion in an atomic bomb. The word fission means to split apart. A nuclear power plant (like Diablo Canyon Nuclear Plant shown on the right) uses uranium as a fuel. Uranium is an element that is dug out of the ground many places around the world. It is processed into tiny pellets that are loaded into very long rods that are put into the power plants reactor. Inside the reactor of an atomic power plant, uranium atoms are split apart in a controlled chain reaction. In a chain reaction, particles released by the splitting of the atom go off and strike other uranium atoms splitting those. Those particles given off split still other atoms in a chain reaction. In nuclear power plants, control rods are used to keep the splitting regulated so it doesnt go too fast. If the reaction is not controlled, you could have an atomic bomb. But in atomic bombs, almost pure pieces of the element Uranium-235 or Plutonium, of a precise mass and shape, must be brought together and held together, with great force. These conditions are not present in a nuclear reactor. The reaction also creates radioactive material. This material could hurt people if released, so it is kept in a solid form. The very strong concrete dome in the picture is designed to keep this material inside if an accident happens. This chain reaction gives off heat energy. This heat energy is used to boil water in the core of the reactor. So, instead of burning a fuel, nuclear power plants use the chain reaction of atoms splitting to change the energy of atoms into heat energy. This water from around the nuclear core is sent to another section of the power plant. Here it heats another set of pipes filled with water to make steam. The steam in this second set of pipes powers a]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>Philips A Century Of Technology</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-philips_a_century_of_technology.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: Developments in new lighting technologies fueled a steady program of expansion, and, in 1914, it established a research laboratory to study physical and chemical phenomena, so as to further stimulate product innovation. It was at this time that Philips began to protect its innovations with patents, for areas taking in X-ray radiation and radio reception. This marked the beginning of the diversification of its product range. Having introduced a medical X-ray tube in 1918, Philips then became involved in the first experiments in television in 1925. It began producing radios in 1927 and had sold one million by 1932. One year later, it produced its 100-millionth radio valve, and also started production of medical X-ray equipment in the United States. Philips first electric shaver was launched in 1939, at which time the Company employed 45, 000 people worldwide and had sales of 152 million guilders. Science and technology underwent tremendous development in the 1940s and 1950s, with Philips Research inventing the rotary heads which led to the development of the Philishave electric shaver, and laying down the basis for later ground-breaking work on transistors and integrated circuits. In the 1960s, this resulted in important discoveries such as CCDs (charge-coupled devices) and LOCOS (local oxidation of silicon). Philips also made major contributions in the development of the recording, transmission and reproduction of television pictures, its research work leading to the development of the Plumbicon TV camera tube and improved phosphors for better picture quality. It introduced the Compact Audio Cassette in 1963 and produced its first integrated circuits in 1965. The flow of exciting new products and ideas continued throughout the 1970s: research in lighting contributed to the new PL and SL energy-saving lamps; other key breakthroughs came in the processing, storage and transmission of images, sound and data where Philips Research made key breakthroughs, resulting in the inventions of the LaserVision optical disc, the Compact Disc and optical telecommunication systems. Signetics (1975) in the United States. Acquisitions in the 1980s included the television business of GTE Sylvania (1981) and the lamps business of Westinghouse (1983). The Compact Disc was launched in 1983, while other landmarks were the production of Philips 100-millionth TV set in 1984 and 300-millionth Philishave electric shaver in 1995. The 1990s was a decade of significant change for Philips. The company carried out a major restructuring program to return it to a healthy footing. And more recently it has been concentrating on its core activities. Today, Philips is at the leading edge of the digital revolution, introducing world-class products that are helping to improve peoples lives as we continue into the new millennium. Today, we are all used to seeing the name Philips in uniform blue capital letters. It may appear in different sizes and colours but the]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>Philosophy Of Nonviolence</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-philosophy_of_nonviolence.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: hese notes - which will stretch over several issues of [Nonviolence Web Upfront], and take the place of the usual Op Ed pieces - are an effort to summarize the basic philosophy of nonviolence. (They might be the basis of a pamphlet when done; revised, condensed, etc.). We write and talk about nonviolence as if it were simply a technique. I believe it is much more, that it is a one-edged philosphy which cannot easily be used to defend or advance injustice, and which is of value only if tested in the real world. When I came into the pacifist movement in 1948 the concept of nonviolence as a method of change was new to the United States, the direct result of Gandhis teachings and actions in India. Historically nonviolence had been seen either as an expression of the Gospels, or as a variant on the stoic philosophy of Marcus Aurelius. But neither the Christian nor the stoic teachings gave us a method to deal with injustice except through endurance. This was fine if I was the one suffering, but it did not provide a way to stop you from inflicting injustice on a third party. The Christian could choose to endure great injustice - but what of the non-Christian who had done nothing to merit the suffering, and sought relief from it? Particularly after World War II with the horror of the mass killing, there was a sense that pacifism alone - the refusal to kill - was not good enough. Communism offered one answer but, as expressed by Lenin and Trotsky, it was an answer in which the end justified the means and by 1945 it was clear that, at best, Communism was a lesser evil than Fascism. Into this vacuum, this historic place where we found ourselves confronted by the reality that men such as Hitler and Stalin existed, that the atom bomb was possibly a final step in human history, the pacifist movement embraced what we call today Nonviolence as opposed to the earlier word pacifism. And it was here that I entered the pacifist movement, as old ideas and new ones were explored and tested. It was one of the twists of history that when nonviolence did re-enter American life, it was returning home. Henry David Thoreaus essay on Civil Disobedience had been read by Tolstoy, Tolstoy had been read by Gandhi, and Gandhi had been read by Martin Luther King Jr. It was an ideology which had been around the world, affecting and being affected by all it encountered. In trying to understand the philosophy of nonviolence, it is important to keep in mind there is no living, vital philosphy which does not have holes in it. Let me give two examples. Marxism (and I am heavily indebted to Marx) has an inherent contradiction in that it argued history is on our side, socialism is inevitable, the result of contradictions which will lead to the collapse of capitalism. Fine, if socialism is inevitable, then why not sit back and wait for it? Why risk ones life - as so many courageous socialists and communists did - in a struggle, the end of which was already]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>Planet Earth</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-planet_earth.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: Each planet of the Solar system is unique in its own right, yet Earth has a whole set of really unique features. First, it is the only active planet - the earthquakes and volcano eruptions constantly change its appearance. Second, it is the only planet that boasts vast resources of liquid water: its too hot for that on Venus and too cold on Mars. The Earths atmosphere is also very unlike any other planets gaseous shells. Earth neighbors atmospheres consist mainly of carbon dioxide, while the Earths contains great amounts of oxygen and nitrogen, which form shield from the most dangerous components of solar radiation. The Earths atmosphere also protects the planet from meteorites. More so, it is this unique combination of constantly changing land surface, oceans and aerial shield that made it possible for another unique phenomenon - Life -to exist on Earth. Grand Canyon: the stream cut through the layers of soft sandstone and limestone in Arizona (USA) into a gigantic valley. The maximum depth is 1, 9 km. Mississippi Delta: the river Mississippi collects a great amount of sediments along its long run and then drops them in the Gulf of Mexico. This slow river leaves these sediments in the mouth, thus creating areas of new land that didnt exist before. Each 24 hours the Earth completes a full revolution around its axis, which is inclined by 23. 5 to the vertical. This inclination is the reason why the seasons change on the Earth as it rotates around the Sun. The central part of Earth is a metal core; its very hot - some 4000 C, and its surrounded by a shell of liquid iron that creates the magnetic field of Earth. Outer layers form the mantle made up of rocky substances, over which are lighter substances that form the crust. The atmosphere is made of nitrogen (77%), oxygen (21%), and a mixture of water vapor and other gases. The rotation of Earth around its axis generates forceful electrical currents in the iron core of the planet and this creates the magnetic field. This field forms a giant bubble in the near-Earth space called the magnetosphere. Magnetosphere protects Earth from the solar wind - a flow of charged particles emitted by the Sun. These particles are trapped by the magnetic field in two huge rings - Van Allens belts. When spacecrafts travel through the Van Allens belts, the electrical equipment of the former may suffer malfunction caused by these particles. Clashing Continents The Earth crust is made from parts called plates, which float on its surface driven by the flows in the liquid mantle. The continents lie on these plates, and so their location is subject to constant change. Some 200 million years ago, all the dry land on Earth was a single continent called Pangea by the scientists, which further split into the continents we know now. The lava rises by millimeters around the mountain ridges located on the ocean floor, and moves the continents apart. When the continents clash, as they do around]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>Pollution - Varianta 1</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-pollution_varianta_1.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: Pollution, Environmental. Efforts to improve the standard of living for humans-through the control of nature and the development of new products-have also resulted in the pollution, or contamination, of the environment. Much of the worlds air, water, and land is now partially poisoned by chemical wastes. Some places have become uninhabitable. This pollution exposes people all around the globe to new risks from disease. Many species of plants and animals have become endangered or are now extinct. As a result of these developments, governments have passed laws to limit or reverse the threat of environmental pollution. All living things exert some pressure on the environment. Predatory animals, for example, reduce the population of their prey, and animal herds may trample vast stretches of prairie or tundra. The weather could be said to cause pollution when a hurricane deposits tons of silt from flooded rivers into an estuary or bay. These are temporary dislocations that nature balances and accommodates to. Modern economic development, however, sometimes disrupts natures delicate balance. The extent of environmental pollution caused by humans is already so great that some scientists question whether the Earth can continue to support life unless immediate corrective action is taken. The branch of science that deals with how living things, including humans, are related to their surroundings is called ecology (see Ecology). The Earth supports some 5 million species of plants, animals, and microorganisms. These interact and influence their surroundings, forming a vast network of interrelated environmental systems called ecosystems. The arctic tundra is an ecosystem and so is a Brazilian rain forest. The islands of Hawaii are a relatively isolated ecosystem. If left undisturbed, natural environmental systems tend to achieve balance or stability among the various species of plants and animals. Complex ecosystems are able to compensate for changes caused by weather or intrusions from migrating animals and are therefore usually said to be more stable than simple ecosystems. A field of corn has only one dominant species, the corn plant, and is a very simple ecosystem. It is easily destroyed by drought, insects, disease, or overuse. A forest may remain relatively unchanged by weather that would destroy a nearby field of corn, because the forest is characterized by greater diversity of plants and animals. Its complexity gives it stability. Every environmental system has a carrying capacity for an optimum, or most desirable, population of any particular species within it. Sudden changes in the relative population of a particular species can begin a kind of chain reaction among other elements of the ecosystem. For example, eliminating a species of insect by using massive quantities of a chemical pesticide also may eliminate a bird species that depends upon the insect as a source of food. Such human activities have caused the extinction of a]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>Pyramid</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-pyramid.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: Pyramid (architecture), ceremonial structures used as tombs or temples that were built by the people of certain ancient civilization, notably the ancient Egyptians, the Aztecs, and the Maya, and certain other ancient peoples of the northern Andean region of South America. The Pyramids of Egypt are of an exact pyramidal form, having four triangular sides that meet at a point at the summit. Pyramids in Central and South America by contrast are flat-topped, and usually have steps leading to the summit. The Egyptian pyramids were built as royal tombs, and were designed to hold the body of the pharaon. Those in Central and South America were temples on the summit of which religious rituals were performed, although they sometimes also served as the tombs of important rulers. In Egypt, the first pyramid were built in about 2700 bc. They probably developed from the mastaba, a low, rectangular tomb with a flat roof, originally built in mudbrick and later in stone. These gradually increased in size and complexity until they looked like a stepped pyramid-that is, a pyramid with sides that rose in giant steps. The most famous example of a step pyramid is the pyramid of Dsozer at Saqqara, which was built in about 2630 bc. It was six steps on each side, each step 60 m (200 ft) high. Over time, the step pyramid developed into the true pyramid with smooth sides. The largest and most famous pyramids of ancient Egypt are those that held the bodies of the pharaons Khufu, Khafre, and Menkaure at Giza, near modern Cairo. The Great Pyramid of Khufu has a volume of some 2. 6 million cu m (91. 8, million cu ft), and it is believed that 2. 5 million blocks of stone, each weighing an average of 2. 5 tonnes, were used to built it. Each side of the pyramide is 230m (750 ft) long, and it is 146 m (480 ft) high. The pyramids of ancient Egypt were usually planned as part of a group of different buildings known as a pyramid complex or mortuary complex. A typical complex consisted of the main pyramid itself; smaller pyramids, often built for the pharaon; a mortuary temple; a causeway leading to the temple where the cult of the pharaon was honoured; mastaba tombs for relatives of the pharaon and important officials; funerary pits for lesser officials; and an enclosure wall. The bestexample of a pyramid complex is that at Giza where boat pits also formed part of the complex. The pyramids were built by farm labourers, who made up 90 per cent of the population of ancient egypt. Working on the pyramids probably under the supervision of skilled, was a kind of tax that everyone had to pay. The work took place during the three or four months of the year when the Nile was in flood, when fields were underwater and no farming could be done. The way that the pyramids were built is not known for certain. After a site had been chosen, always on the west bank of the Nile (for spiritual reasons), the ground was carefully surveyed]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>Queen Elizabeth I</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-queen_elizabeth_i.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: Elizabeth I, queen of England and Ireland (1558-1603), daughter of Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. Elizabeth was the longest-reigning English monarch in nearly two centuries and the first woman to successfully occupy the English throne. Called Glorianna and Good Queen Bess, Elizabeth enjoyed enormous popularity during her life and became an even greater legend after her death. Elizabeth s reign was marked by her effective use of Parliament and the Privy Council, a small advisory body of the important state officials, and by the development of legal institutions in the English counties. Elizabeth firmly established Protestantism in England, encouraged English enterprise and commerce, and defended the nation against the powerful Spanish naval force known as the Spanish Armada. Her reign was noted for the English Renaissance, an outpouring of poetry and drama led by William Shakespeare, Edmund Spenser, and Christopher Marlowe that remains unsurpassed in English literary history (see English Literature). She was the last of the Tudor monarchs, never marrying or producing an heir, and was succeeded by her cousin, James VI of Scotland. Elizabeth was born at Greenwich Palace in London on September 7, 1533. Her parents, Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, wanted a son as heir and were not pleased with the birth of a daughter. When she was two her mother was beheaded for adultery, and Elizabeth was exiled from court. She was later placed under the protection of Catherine Parr, Henry s sixth wife, and educated in the same household as her half-brother, Edward. Both were raised Protestant. The noted scholar Roger Ascham later served as her tutor, and he educated her as a potential heir to the throne rather than as an insignificant daughter of the monarch. Elizabeth underwent rigorous training in Greek, Latin, rhetoric, and philosophy and was an intellectually gifted pupil. Edward VI succeeded his father in 1547 at the age of nine. Because of her position as a member of the royal family, Elizabeth became a pawn in the intrigues of the nobles who governed in the boy s name. One of them twice proposed marriage to her. When her Roman Catholic half-sister, Mary I, inherited the crown in 1553, Elizabeth faced different dangers. She was now sought out to lead Protestant conspiracies, despite the fact that she had supported Mary s accession and attended Catholic services. In 1554 Mary had Elizabeth imprisoned in the Tower of London, briefly threatened her with execution, and then placed her under house arrest. Elizabeth lived quietly at her family s country retreat north of London until she became queen upon her sister s death in 1558. Elizabeth s experiences as a child and young adult helped her develop keen political instincts that allowed her to skillfully balance aristocratic factions and court favorites during her long reign. The nation that Elizabeth inherited was experiencing a steady increase in population. During the 16th century]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>Razboaiele Galice</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-razboaiele_galice.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: With these words, Caesar begins the Bellum Gallicum, his own account of the Gallic Wars. The books of this unique work, which were written at the end of each year, were sent to the Senate in Rome, probably as supplements to an eventual application for a Triumph. The excuse for the war was the supposed crossing of the Helvetii into Roman sphere of influence and the invasion of Gaul by the German tribe of the Suebii. The reality was that Caesar needed to build up an army and a reputation to match Pompeiuss, which would secure him another Consulship upon his return to Rome. There can be no doubt that Caesar was an extremely competent General, probably one of the best ever. He understood strategy and tactics, and he could handle the brutish and greedy legionaries of his time. He was almost always aware of the movements of his enemies and usually secured both communications and supply lines in a masterly fashion. His natural energy was turned into the feared celeritas of Caesar, a swiftness of action that stunned his contemporaries. Almost paradoxically, he could combine this swiftness with extraordinary patience, and as a result was almost always able to choose the time and place for his battles, or regain the initiative even in the most difficult situations. In 58 BC, he moved across the borders into Gaul, defeating the westward migration of the Helvetii and then crushing the Sueban mercenaries under Ariovistus. With his victory against the Germans, Caesar firmly cemented his position as Marius heir. In the following year he subdued the Belgic tribes in the north, while his lieutenant Publius Licinius Crassus pacified present day Normandy and Brittany. Meanwhile, the relations between the triumvirs had become strained. Pompeius was becoming increasingly jealous of Caesars successes while Crassus returned to his former enmity against Pompeius. During Caesars tenure as Consul, Cicero had been sacrificed to his enemy Publius Clodius (of the Clodius scandal) and forced to go into exile. A year later, however, Pompeius secured Ciceros return, a decision that antagonized Clodius. Cicero first initiative was to procure the cura annonae (grain distribution rights) for Pompeius for a period of five years, an important concession which is unlikely to have pleased Caesar. The situation grew more tense when the Optimates, supported first by Clodius and later by Cicero, attacked the lex Julia Agraria (land bills) of 59. To bring the matters to a head, one of the potential consuls for 55 threatened to take away Caesars command. In May 56, Caesar invited Pompeius and Crassus to a meeting at Lucca just inside the borders of Cisalpine Gaul, where he succeeded in patching up the alliance. Almost 200 senators participated in this meeting, including governors from Sardinia and Spain - one would be forgiven for thinking the Senate had moved to the provinces. It was arranged that Pompeius and Crassus be Consuls for 55, and Caesars command in]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>Razboiul Civil 49 48 Ihr</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-razboiul_civil_49_48_ihr.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: During his conquest of Gaul, Caesar had seen to it that his part of the Gallic loot was wisely spent in preserving and fortifying his position in Rome. His Populist acts as Praetor and Consul had severely alienated the middle group of senators and he needed to use Pompeiuss connections with this group to legitimate his actions. However, the events of 52 BC make it clear that Ciceros efforts to estrange the two men had begun to bear fruit. Pompeiuss legislation during his consulship in 52 BC was effectively targeted at Caesar - A severe law against bribery at elections made retrospective to 70 BC; a law enforcing a five-year interval between tenure of magistracies in Rome and assumption of provincial commands, and one prohibiting candidature in absentia. The crucial issue was whether or not there should be an interval between the date of Caesars resignation of command in Gaul and the date on which he could enter a proposed second Consulship. If such an interval existed, Caesar would be a private citizen open to prosecution by his enemies and conviction would ruin him politically and might even cost him his life. This had been an issue at Lucca, in 56. Pompeiuss reneging on the agreements of this meeting was either the acts of a weak and inept politician or calculated treachery to remove Caesar from power. However, by 51 the question of having Caesar replaced was once again an issue in the Senatebut he survived by having the dangerous proposals vetoed by tribunes of the plebs who were firmly in his camp - particularly Gaius Scribonius Curio in 50 and Mark Antony in 49. Despite being consul, Pompeius did little to prevent these attacks on Caesar and possibly even encouraged them. Retiring to his villa in Tarentum, Pompeius allowed the Optimates free reins in Rome. It is highly unlikely that Caesar wished a civil war. In this respect, it is interesting to note the strong warning he makes in his report to the Senate for 52. Indeed, for several days the soldiers had no grain at all and only managed to keep themselves from starving by driving in the cattle from distant villages. Yet one would not have heard a word from any of them that was unworthy of the greatness of Rome and of the victories they had won already. I used to go and speak to the men of each legion while they were working. I would tell them that, if they found their privations unbearable, I was quite ready to raise the siege; but one and all they would beg me not to do so. They had now, they said, served under me for many years without ever disgracing themselves or even failing to finish any task to which they had set their hands; they would count it as a disgrace if they were to abandon this siege they had begun; and they would rather undergo any hardship than fail to avenge the roman citizens who had been treacherously massacred by the Gauls at Cenabum. Messages to the same effect were given by the troops to their centurions and officers with the request that they]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>Referat 11 Th Octobre</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-referat_11_th_octobre.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: The day of September 11th 2001 will remain as a dark day in history. All people know about this day and what happened at this date. On this day, the terrorism reached its highest point since the beginnings until now and maybe similar events will be greater. (God forbid!). All the other terrorist events didnt create such a wave of fear, revolt and hate. However, sometimes we ask ourselves if a human being is capable of doing such a thing. Faith was, it is, and it will be a goal for which people will kill each other, but one thing is to sacrifice your life in an honourable way, and another thing is to kill yourself pulling after you 4000 innocent lives: Great things demand great sacrifices. Objectively, I remember perfectly what I saw on TV that morning. I turned on the TV and I saw images with one of the two towers burning intensely. That image was unimaginable. Suddenly, two things came to my mind: 1. Could this be the beginning of the end? And 2. Could this be the start of The World War Three? Im quite sure that my thought was a general one and every man on the Earth asked himself the same questions. And indeed, on that day World War Three started, but a war different from what we know. This is a silent war, in which you fight against an invisible enemy, almost undetectable, who is hiding very well. That day The World War Three started, a war against terrorism and tyranny. Anyway, something final happened on the clear sky of the Occident. Something important and, maybe, not very clear, but perceived by the global community as a fact meant to mark an irrevocable moment, the start of an epoch-making change. For all of us, the image of the two Boeings crashing the Twin Towers was enough to understand that the Apocalypse, as it was imagined, could finally erupt on the face of the Earth. This is not about the Christian world on one side and the Islamic world on the other side; it is about the World of richness, individualism, progress, and efficiency on a side and The World of poverty, misery and blind faith on the other side. These two different worlds had to meet, finally to confront themselves and destroy each other as sandcastles. It is important to see that they are based on different conceptions concerning life: in the previous century it seemed that the western world broke any connections with the spirit and its purposes were only material. In the so-called the third world, the man is still in contact with his spiritual roots and traditions, and in the confrontation with the Occident, it seems that this world is losing itself in the tornado of despair. New York - time: 8: 46 a. m. - hell is unleashed. The second hijacked plane, with all the people on board, crashes violently into the north tower of World Trade Centre. The eyewitnesses have a great shock and despair becomes general. People caught at the superior floors understand that these are the last moments of their life. The help asked, doesnt come: white clothes are]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>Referat 20 Th Century</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-referat_20_th_century.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: The twentieth century saw a remarkable shift in the way that vast numbers of people lived, as a result of technological, medical, social, ideological, and political innovations. Terms like ideology, world war, genocide, and nuclear war entered common usage and became an influence on the lives of everyday people. War reached an unprecedented scale and level of sophistication; in the Second World War (1939-1945) alone, approximately 57 million people died, mainly due to massive improvements in weaponry. The trends of mechanization of goods and services and networks of global communication, which were begun in the 19th century, continued at an ever-increasing pace in the 20th. In spite of the terror and chaos, the 20th century saw many attempts at world peace. As the 35th President of the United States John F. Kennedy said: What kind of peace do we seek? I am talking about a genuine peace, the kind of peace that makes life on earth worth living. Not merely peace in our time, but peace in all time. Our problems are man-made, therefore they can be solved by man. For in the final analysis, our most basic common link is that we all inhabit this small planet, we all breathe the same air, we all cherish our childrens future, and we are all mortal. Virtually every aspect of life in virtually every human society changed in some fundamental way or another during the twentieth century and for the first time, any individual could influence the course of history no matter their background. Arguably, the 20th century re-shaped the face of the planet in more ways than any previous century. Maternal death rates Battles Scientific discoveries such as relativity and quantum physics radically changed the worldview of scientists, causing them to realize that the universe was much more complex than they had previously believed, and dashing the hopes at the end of the preceding century that the last few details of knowledge were about to be filled in. The 20th century has sometimes been called, both within and outside the United States, the American Century, though this is a controversial term. For a more coherent overview of the historical events of the century, see The 20th century in review. Timeline of the Twentieth Century 1900-1909 - Model-T, First Flight, San Francisco Earthquake, Einsteins Theory of Relativity, Boxer Rebellion, First Silent Movie; 1910-1919 - World War I, Triangle Shirtwaist Factory, the Titanic, Russian Revolution, Mata Hari, Prohibiton; 1920-1929 - Womens Suffrage, King Tuts Tomb, Mussolini, J. Edgar Hoover, Mein Kampf, Monkey Trial, Charles Lindbergh; 1930-1939 - Great Depression, Mohandas Gandhi, Empire State Building, Amelia Earhardt, Nazis, Monopoly, the Hindenburg; 1940-1949 - World War II, Adolf Hitler, Pearl Harbor, Manhattan Project, Chuck Yeager, Berlin Airlift, Apartheid, Communist China; 1950-1959 - Hydrogen Bomb, McCarthyism, Korean War, Color TV, Polio Vaccine, Mt.]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>Reformele Lui Cezar</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-reformele_lui_cezar.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: Caesar spent little time in Rome, during the years in which he was master of Rome. Despite this, he managed to institute a large number of reforms in the short time he was granted. Like all the other Populists, Caesar had used the people of Rome on his way to power. He was not alone in this. By his time, the citizens of Rome had evolved into a proletariat which subsisted on electoral bribery, feast, triumphs and above all the free corn dole. But although Caesar used the people, he never trusted them, being all too aware of how fickle they were. During the years of the Gallic Wars, he had often sent his soldiers home to vote during the elections. In addition, people like Clodius and Milo had organized armed bands, organized in collegia (clubs), to disturb elections and terrorize the populace. The sum total of this was violence, unrest and social distress, and Caesar initiated radical reforms to deal with these problems. He instituted a grand program of colonization to fulfil his goals: the social conditions in Rome were to be improved and the citizenship spread throughout the empire. He began by forbidding those collegia that were suspected of having political aims. The Jews where exempted from this, probably in thanks for their help during the Alexandrine Wars. He then carried out a census of the civic lists, reducing the recipients of free corn from about 320, 000 to 150, 000. This was not so much to save money, as it was to prevent the citizens of Italia from coming to the city. Life in Italia and the provinces was to be made more attractive for the broad majority of citizens. To further this aim, a third of the workers on the large estates were freed - slavery was to be reduced to decrease unemployment. As for the corn dole, families with children were given additional privileges. In general, Caesar attempted to carry out just reforms. About 80, 000 families were offered a new life in more than twenty newly founded roman colonies, among them the rebuilt Carthage and Corinth. To these settlers he added veterans of the civil wars, who were allotted farms and a bonus. At the same time he put in motion a comprehensive Romanization policy, particularly in the important provinces of Gaul, Spain and Africa, where he lavishly granted citizenship (and thereby a share in the benefits of the Empire) to a large number of people. To round off this substantial work, he drew up laws affecting how these new towns were to be governed. This law, Lex Julia municipalis, would become the cornerstone and foundation not only for municipal but also provincial administration which were to last until the fall of the Empire. Alone among his contemporaries, Caesar seems to have realized that Rome as a city-state could no longer survive. It was no use confining the citizenship to the people of Rome; everyone should, sooner or later, be bound to Rome; not Rome the city, but Rome the Empire. To further this aim, Caesar enlarged the Senate from 600 to 900]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>Romeo And Juliet - Varianta 1</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-romeo_and_juliet_varianta_1.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: Romeo & Juliet was written during a period when Shakespeare had found the strength of his writing. He would have been about 26 years old when he wrote it. It stands as a great play in its own right. Romeo & Juliet is believed to have been written around 1595. The Nurse in the play refers to an earthquake eleven years past (Act II, scene 3, line 23). London experienced a strong tremor around 1580. The story is, of course, about a pair of star-crossed lovers. Two teenagers pursue their love for each other despite the fact that their families have been at odds with each other for decades. The story combines swordfighting, disguise, misunderstanding, tragedy, humor, and some of the most romantic language found in literature all in the name of true love. In Verona, Italy in the late 1500s, two powerful families the Montagues and the Capulets have been feuding with each other for years. Old Capulet, Juliets father, throws a party to which he invites all his friends. The Montagues are not invited of course, but Romeo devises a plan to get a look at Rosaline; a young girl he has been pursing. He disguises himself and slips into the party. Once inside, his attention is stolen; not by Rosaline, but by Juliet. Romeo falls instantly in love, but is disappointed when he finds out that Juliet is a Capulet. Juliet notices Romeo too, but she is unaware that he is a member of the hated Montagues. Later, after discovering that the young man who caught her eye is a member of the enemy family, Juliet goes out onto her balcony to tell the stars about her strong but forbidden love. At the same time, Romeo is lurking in the bushes below. He overhears Juliet confess her love for him to the heavens. No longer able to control his powerful feelings, Romeo reveals himself to her and admits that he feels the same. The very next day, with the help of Romeos friend Friar Lawrence, Romeo and Juliet are secretly married. On the day of the wedding, two of Romeos friends, Benvolio and Mercutio, are walking through the streets of Verona when they are confronted by Juliets cousin, Tybalt. Tybalt is out to get Romeo for crashing the Capulets party so he starts a fight with his friends. Romeo shows up, but does not want to fight Tybalt because he no longer holds a grudge against Juliets family. Romeos friends cant understand why he wont stand up for himself so Mercutio steps in to do it for him. A swordfight with Tybalt follows. Mercutio is killed. To avenge the death of his friend, Romeo kills Tybalt, an act that will award him even more hatred from the Capulet family. The Prince of Verona banishes Romeo and he is forced to leave Juliet, who is devastated by the loss of her love. Juliets father, not knowing of his daughters marriage, decides to marry her to another young man named Paris. In despair, Juliet consults with Friar Laurence. He advises her to agree to the marriage, but on the morning of the wedding, she will drink a potion that h e prepares]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>Shakespeare - Varianta 1</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-shakespeare_varianta_1.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: Shakespeare, William (1564-1616), English poet and playwright, recognized in much of the world as the greatest of all dramatists. A complete, authoritative account of Shakespeare s life is lacking; much supposition surrounds relatively few facts. His day of birth is traditionally held to be April 23; it is known he was baptized on April 26, 1564, in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. The third of eight children, he was the eldest son of John Shakespeare, a locally prominent merchant, and Mary Arden, daughter of a Roman Catholic member of the landed gentry. He was probably educated at the local grammar school. As the eldest son, Shakespeare ordinarily would have been apprenticed to his father s shop so that he could learn and eventually take over the business, but according to one apocryphal account he was apprenticed to a butcher because of reverses in his father s financial situation. In recent years, it has more convincingly been argued that he was caught up in the secretive network of Catholic believers and priests who strove to cultivate their faith in the inhospitable conditions of Elizabethan England. At the turn of the 1580s, it is claimed, he served as tutor in the household of Alexander Houghton, a prominent Lancashire Catholic and friend of the Stratford schoolmaster John Cottom. While others in this network went on to suffer and die for their beliefs, Shakespeare must somehow have extricated himself, for there is little evidence to suggest any subsequent involvement in their circles. In 1582 he married Anne Hathaway, the daughter of a farmer. He is supposed to have left Stratford after he was caught poaching in the deer park of Sir Thomas Lucy, a local justice of the peace. Shakespeare and Anne Hathaway produced a daughter, Susanna, in 1583 and twins-a boy and a girl-in 1585. The boy died 11 years later. Shakespeare apparently arrived in London in about 1588, and by 1592 had attained success as an actor and a playwright. Shortly thereafter, he secured the patronage of Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton. The publication of Shakespeare s two fashionably erotic narrative poems Venus and Adonis (1593) and The Rape of Lucrece (1594) and of his Sonnets (published 1609, but circulated previously in manuscript) established his reputation as a gifted and popular Renaissance poet. The Sonnets describe the devotion of a character, often identified as the poet himself, to a young man whose beauty and virtue he praises and to a mysterious and faithless dark lady with whom the poet is infatuated. The ensuing triangular situation, resulting from the attraction of the poet s friend to the dark lady, is treated with passionate intensity and psychological insight. They are prized for their exploration of love in all its aspects, and a poem such as Sonnet 18 is one of the most famous love poems of all time: And every fair from fair sometimes declines, By chance, or nature s changing course untrimmed. But thy eternal summer shall]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>Shepherd</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-shepherd.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: A Shepherd Boy tended his master s Sheep near a dark forest not far from the village. Soon he found life in the pasture very dull. All he could do to amuse himself was to talk to his dog or play on his shepherd s pipe. One day as he sat watching the sheeps, and thinking what he would do should he see Wolf, he thought of a plan to amuse him self. His Master had told him to call for help should a Wolf attack the flock, and the Villagers would drive it away. So now, though he had not seen anything that even look like a Wolf, he ran toward the village shouting Wolf! Wolf! As he expected, the Villagers who heard the cry dropped their work and ran in great excitement to the pasture. But when they got there they found the Boy doubled up with laughter at the trick he had played to theme. A few days later the Sheepherd Boy again shouted, Wolf! Wolf! . Again the Villagers ran to help him, only to be laughed at again. Then one evening as the sun was setting behind the forest, a Wolf really did spring from the underbrush and fall upon the sheep. In terror the Boy ran toward the village shouting Wolf! Wolf! . But though the Villagersheard the cry, they did not run to him as they had before. He cannot full us again, they said.]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>Sir Francis Drake And The Circumnavigation</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-sir_francis_drake_and_the_circumnavigation.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: In 1577 Queen Elizabeth I commissioned three men to sail around the world. On November 15, 1577, under the command of three captains, Sir Francis Drake, John Winter, and Thomas Doughty, the Queens Corsair set sail from Plymouth to the Spanish-controlled Rock of Gibraltar. In secret original plans, Drake was intended to be the sole captain; however, upon leaving, the command was to be split three ways among Drake, John Winter, and Thomas Doughty. The split of command cause dissension among the crew, but soon Drake established himself as the true leader. The planners also had a different reason for sending Drake. Queen Elizabeth I assumed that a small force of about 200 men could severely disrupt the flow of gold and silver to Spain. The Queen finally decided on Drake due to his skill as a pirate and the relative ease with which she could disown him. On first day of the voyage the winds blew up and unleashed one of the worst storms ever seen. Drake called off the voyage and took anchor in the nearby harbor of Falmouth. During the storm Drakes ship, the Pelican, began to drag anchor. Drake ordered the mainmast to be cut. The cutting of the mast lightened the ship enough to save it and his crew. This storm cause a lot of controversy due to the heavy damage sustained to Drakes ship, while Winters ship escaped the storm with no damage. All three commanders were forced to go back to Plymouth before resuming the trip. Sir Francis Drake, Thomas Doughty, and John Winters set sail again from Plymouth on December 13, 1577. This time the Queens Corsairs left with six ships: the 18-gun, 100 ton Pelican; the 16-gun, 80 ton Elizabeth; the 10-gun, 30-ton Mary Gold; a 50-ton supply ship named the Swan; a 15-ton ship; and another 40-ton ship which was forcibly exchanged at sea. The Pelican, Drakes flag ship, was later renamed the Golden Hinde. The crew of 164 encountered another horrible storm of the coast of Brazil. Once the storm had settled, they could only count five ships instead of six. On April 14, Drake decided to anchor at Cape Saint Mary, the appointed rendezvous, where on the second day they met up with the missing sixth ship. Drake led the ships through the dangerous Straits of Magellan between August 20 and September 6, 1578. Drake maneuvered the ships though the Straits at incredible speed. However, Drake and his men began to suffer as a result of poor diet. As they passed the Tierra del Fuego- land of fires- they were confronted by five natives who brought them food and water. On February 15, 1579, off Qulica, Drake found out that the Nuestra Senora de la Concepcion, captained by San Juan de Anton, was sailing to Panama and decided to sail there. Upon arriving in Panama, Drake and his men found that the Nuestra Senora de la Concepcion was already in the harbor. The Golden Hinde was boarded by a customs officer, who, upon seeing the cannons, mistook the Golden Hinde for a French pirate. Drake was forced to cut the anchor]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>Speech Government And Business</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-speech_government_and_business.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: Good morning everyone, thank you for coming. Before we start, let me introduce myself. My name is Florina Vlad and I m a student at the Academy of Economic Studies. I would like to talk today about Government and business, about the infuence that the Government has on the business. subventionat) r should it try te wary of their political masters. the business comunity, e and that means infation. e others prospMy presentation will take around five minutes. If you have any questions, please ask it after I finish my speech. Let s start with unsering the question: To what extent should a government interfere in the economic system? There are two extremes in the spectrum. On the one hand a government can intervene minimally, allowing the forces of demand and supply and the price mechanism to determin what goods and services are to be produced. This is called a laissez-faire (or leave it alone) policy. The argument runs that people will vote with their money for the sorts of things they want. If they want to read a particular newspaper, they will buy it, and the newspaper will stay in business. If they do not like the newspaper, they will not buy it, and the newspaper will go out of business. The same applies to television sets and motor cars, holidays in Spain and Chinese take-aways. At the ather end of the spectrum is the centrally planned economy in which the government makes all the major decisions such as what is going to be produced, who is going to produce it, where in going to be produced, and who is going to benefit from it when it is produced. Most governments operate somewhere between these two extremes. So, that covers the first point in my spech. That brings us to the second one, the government in capitalist countries. In these countries, governments tend to let the business world get on with the job of catering for the needs of the people. If they make profits, the government will tax these profits and use the proceeds to support the Welfare State (which offers free education, subsidized health care and pensions) and defend themselvs against external aggression. There is, however, general agreement that some economic activities should be controlled by the state, which explains their nationalised industries. This brings me to my last point, which is, the problems that governments in Britain confront with. In Britain governments tend to concentrate their interest on controlling inflation, minimizing unemployment and encouraging growth. It is often the case that a policy which would be good for a countrie in the short run would be against that countrie s interests in la long run. The point might be made in connection with a government s policy towards energy. In the short run they might benefit from a rapid disposal of their North Sea oil and gas supplies, but what happends when these supplies run out? Should the government intervene in these circumstances, or allow the multinational oil companies to make the crucial]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>Sting</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-sting.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: Sting was born in Wallsend, Northumberland (a working class district of Newcastle Upon Tyne) England on October 2, 1951. Before becoming lead singer of the band The Police, Sting was a ditch digger. He was also a school teacher at St. Pauls Roman Catholic First School in Cramlington, England. There he taught English and was also a football (soccer) coach. Before being invited to join The Police by Stewart Copeland, Sting was in many jazz bands, including The Ronnie Pierson Trio, Earthrise, the Phoenix Jazz Band, the River City Jazz Band, the Newcastle Big Band, and Last Exit. How did Sting receive his nickname? He received the nickname Sting while a member of The Phoenix Jazzmen. Everyone in the band had a nickname. One day Sting came to a rehearsal in a striped soccer sweater and the trombone player, Gordon Solomon, remarked that Sting looked like a bee. This led to him being called Stinger - which eventually became Sting. Is Sting going deaf? It is true that Sting has been slowly losing his hearing. He is working with doctors trying to regain some of the hearing he has lost. He said on November 7, 1995 that the problem is not serious or career threatening. What instruments does Sting play? He plays guitar, bass guitar, mandolin, piano, harmonica, saxophone, and pan flute. Regarding Stings preferences in bass guitars, one of his favorites is a 1954 Fender Precision Bass. He is also quite fond of his 1962 Fender Jazz Bass. He owns a 150 year-old upright bass (seldom used on tour) as well as a custom-made Hamer eight string. During his early Police days he used an Ibanez (long-scale fretless), a Z-bass that he purchased during the Zenyatta Mondatta tour which is a long, narrow upright bass that can be heard on the original Dont Stand So Close to Me and Every Little Thing She Does is Magic. He used a Steinberger during the Ghost in the Machine tour, a Spector, a Fender Telecaster, and a Fender Stratocaster for the Synchronicity tour (and a Fender Precision fretless from 1954 during the recording of the album). In the studio he uses any combination of bass guitars. During his solo career, Sting used his 62 Jazz Bass, an Ibanez Roadstar II fretless, and a Precision with a Modulus Graphite neck for the Soul Cages tour, a short-scale Ibanez fretless for the Ten Summoners Tales tour, and a Yamaha jazz bass for the Mercury Falling tour. He usually uses a Gibson Chet Atkins for most performances of Fragile. Is it true that Sting has a name for his bass guitar? He calls his Z-bass Brian. Some information on Stings personal life and family Sting has been married twice, first to Frances Tomelty (1976-1982) and currently to Trudie Styler whom he married in August, 1992 at his childrens urging. Sting has six children, two with his first wife and four with Trudie. Stings mother, Audrey, died of cancer while Sting was in Montserrat recording Nothing Like the Sun at the time and refused to fly back for the]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>Stonehenge - Varianta 1</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-stonehenge_varianta_1.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: Stonehenge, prehistoric ritual monument, situated on Salisbury Plain in south-western England and dating from the Neolithic (late Stone Age) and Bronze Age. It is the most celebrated of the megalithic monuments in England, and the most important prehistoric structure in Europe. Although its precise purpose is unknown, it is likely to have been a tribal gathering place or religious centre connected with astronomical observations. Stonehenge consists of four concentric ranges of stones. In the outermost range, large rectangular sandstone blocks (sarsen stones), 4 m (13 ft) high above the ground, form a circle 33 m (108 ft) in diameter; they were originally capped with lintel stones (only a few of which remain in place today) that also formed a continuous circle. Within this outer range is a circle of smaller bluestones (consisting mainly of dolerite, a coarse basaltic rock having a bluish colour). They enclose a horseshoe-shaped arrangement of bluestones capped with lintels. These trilithons (an assemblage of two uprights capped by a lintel) are 6. 5 m (21 ft) high. Within the trilithons stands a slab of micaceous sandstone known as the Altar Stone. Stonehenge was built in three stages between about 3200 BC and 1000 BC. In its size, complexity, and evident importance, it is unique among Bronze Age henge monuments. An outer circle of sarsen stones once supported a continuous curving lintel which in turn enclosed a u-shaped arrangement of five trilithons (two uprights and a lintel). The entire assemblage is surrounded by a circular ditch 104 m (340 ft) in diameter. On its inner side the ditch rises into a bank within which is a ring of 56 pits known as Aubrey holes (after their discoverer, the antiquarian John Aubrey) and used at a later stage as cremation burial pits. On the north-eastern side, the bank and ditch are intersected by the Avenue, a processional causeway 23 m (75 ft) wide and nearly 3 km (2 mi) long, bordered by a ditch. Near the entrance to the Avenue is the Slaughter Stone, a sarsen stone that may originally have stood upright. Almost opposite, and set within the Avenue, is the Heel Stone, which may have played a part in sightings of the sunrise at the summer solstice. Stonehenge was built in several stages, probably beginning as a henge monument (ritual enclosure) surrounded by a bank and ditch and similar to many others in southern England. It was around 2200 BC that it took on its unique appearance, 82 bluestones being transported from the Preseli Mountains, in south-western Wales. The Altar Stone is believed to have come from a region near Milford Haven, Dyfed. Stonehenge was undoubtedly built by a people who had widespread trade connections and who established their principal settlements in the area between 1600 and 1300 BC. Its importance is reflected by the fact that the landscape around the monument is dotted by some 400 barrows, circular mounds enclosing burials, dating from between 2000 and 1500 BC; excavation]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>The Begining Of The World War II</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-the_begining_of_the_world_war_ii.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: World War II, global military conflict that, in terms of lives lost and material destruction, was the most devastating war in human history. It began in 1939 as a European conflict between Germany and an Anglo-French-Polish coalition but eventually widened to include most of the nations of the world. It ended in 1945, leaving a new world order of the Superpowers dominated by the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). More than any previous war, World War II involved the commitment of nations entire human and economic resources, the blurring of the distinction between combatant and non-combatant, and the expansion of the battlefield to include all of the enemys territory. It was also unique in modern times for the savagery of the military attacks unleashed against civilians, and for the adoption by Nazi Germany of genocide (of Jews, Gypsies, homosexuals, and other groups) as a specific war aim. The most important determinants of its outcome were industrial capacity and personnel. In the last stages of the war, two radically new weapons were introduced: the long-range rocket and the atomic bomb. In the main, however, the war was fought with the same or improved weapons of the types used in World War I. The greatest advances were in aircraft and tanks. Three major powers had been dissatisfied with the outcome of World War I. Germany, the principal defeated nation, bitterly resented the territorial losses and reparations payments imposed on it by the Treaty of Versailles. Italy, one of the victors, found its territorial gains far from enough either to offset the cost of the war or to satisfy its ambitions. Japan, also a victor, was unhappy about its failure to gain greater holdings in East Asia. France, Great Britain, and the United States had attained their wartime objectives. They had reduced Germany to a military cipher and had reorganized Europe and the world as they saw fit, with the French Empire and the British Empire controlling much of the globe. The French and the British frequently disagreed on policy in the post-war period, however, and were unsure of their ability to defend the peace settlement. The United States, disillusioned with the Treaty of Versailles, with the selfish nature of Allied war aims, and with the secret treaties they had signed during the war, disavowed the treaty and the League of Nations included in it, and retreated into political isolationism. During the 1920s, attempts were made to achieve a stable peace. The first was the establishment (1920) of the League of Nations as a forum in which nations could settle their disputes. The Leagues powers were limited to persuasion and various levels of moral and economic sanctions that the members were free to carry out as they saw fit. At the Washington Conference of 1921-1922, the principal naval powers agreed to limit their navies according to a fixed ratio. The Treaties of Locarno produced by the Locarno Conference (1925) included]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>The Black Church In Brasov</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-the_black_church_in_brasov.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: The Gothic bulding began in 1383 under the vicar Thomas Sander on the place of an elder romanic church dating from the first half of the 13th century. In 1421 it was nearly finished but almost destroyed by the 1st Turkish invasion. The building was essentially completed in 1477. Out of 2 towers projected only one of the south was constructed. The Black Church belongs to the so-called Hallenkirchen having naves of equal height thus differing from the Basilicas with naves of various heights. The choir also - a work of the mature phase of the Gothic style - has 3 naves as un uprising hall. The rich architectural forms and sculptural decorations on its outer buttresses remind of those of the choir of the lutheran church in Sebes. They show the influence of the famous architectural school of the Parler family - whose culmination were St. Sebald in Nurnberg and St. Vit in Prague. This influence is stronger in Brasov than in Sebes. The high and well shaped windows give way to the full day light which renders the choir large and bright. The 6 portals - beautyfully and originally shaped - are characteristic for the outer image of the Black Church. Special attention should be given to the western and northern portals. The wooden oak door of the southern portal bears the date 1477. In 1542 under the reformer Jahannes Honterus the service in German was introduced in this church. A painting of Fritz Schullerus (1866-1898) on the towns councel the new constitution * (1543). In 1689 the church was nearly destroyed by the great fire. The restoration took about 100 years. It was then that the Black Church received his appearance with his characteristic roof of 20 m height. The roof covers also the gallery of tracery that formerly went around the church at the height where the roof begins. By the restaration the interior lost a good deal of his Gothic character. The painted guild-panels on the pews show folkloristic intersting motives. These pews date from the 2nd half of the 19th century; the oak-benches in the middle-nave date from 1937. The rooms on both sides of the entrance-hall have old sepulchral monuments of leading personalities of Brasov from the 6th to the 18th century. They were removed out of the choir during the restoration in 1866 and the installation of a heating plant in 1932. The organ with about 4000 pipes bult in 1836-1839 by master Buchholz (Berlin) is among the greatest in south-eastern Europe and renown for its wonderful sound. Nowadays it is played also for records. Concerts with great works of ecclesiastic music by the Bach-Chor imposed an enlargement of this organ in 1924. The most precious treasures of art in the Black Church are the anatolian carpets of the 17th and 18th century. They come from Brussa, Uschak and Ghiordes, Anatolia famous names for carpet weavers. They form the richest collection of this kind in all Europe. These carpets were given to the church from native gulds, merchants and citizens. The diversity]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>The English Translation Of The Bible</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-the_english_translation_of_the_bible.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: The first translation of an English Bible was initiated by The Venerable Bede toward the end of the 7th century. Bede also gave accounts of one of the first English poets, Caedmon, writing religious verse. Bede translated The Gospel according to John and, according to his follower Cuthbert, translated the last word of John virtually at the moment of his death. It is thought that Bede also translated other Scripture of the Bible but none survived. English was much different then, of course; it was the Anglo-Saxon language, resembling modern German. While the Anglo-Saxon language developed through the ages, there were a number of translations. Aldheim (640-709) has been credited with a complete translation of Psalms, and much of the rest of the Bible into Anglo-Saxon. King Alfred the Great (849-901) presented the Ten Commandments and portions of Exodus and Acts in old English. In the 11th century, the abbot Aelfric translated large portions of the Old Testament. Middle English By the late-13th century, Anglo-Saxon had developed in what is known as Middle English. The modern prose was quickly following by Bible translations. Richard Rolle of Hampole translated portions of the New Testament. In 1325, a new style of writing called Secretary script contributed to the speed with which translations could be made. The new script style was invented by Jean Froissart while writing his Chronicle during his travels through Europe. The flowing Secretary script was fast to write and easy to read. Perhaps the most distinguished translation of the Bible into Middle English was initiated by John Wyclif (1320-1384). Wyclif was 29 when the Black Death plague killed half the population in England. Between 1380 and 1383, Wyclif established an ardent following for translation. Nicolas of Hereford translated a substantial portion of the Old Testament. The translators produced the Wyclif Bible. It is not known which portions were translated by Wyclif himself. The Wyclif Bible was made from a Latin base and was not true to the (then) new English language. Soon after its completion, in 1388, John Purvey and his assistants made a more modern translation in a smoother writing style. Purveys translations would be used for more than 100 years. The printed Bible In 1525 and 1526, William Tyndale completed an English translation of the 1519 and 1522 editions of the Erasmus Greek New Testament. Johannes Gutenberg had introduced his printing press in 1454, so now Tyndales translations could be printed. It is thought that some 6000 copies were made of Tyndales Bible but were destroyed because of official opposition to it. In 1530, Tyndale published a translation of the Pentateuch. In 1531, he published Jonah and selections from the Old Testament. In 1534 and 1535, he printed revised editions of his New Testament translations. Tyndale continued to work on translations of the Old Testament, working from the Hebrew and Latin text and Luthers German translation]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>The History Of The British Museum</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-the_history_of_the_british_museum.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: On 7 June, King George II gave his assent to the British Museum Act for the purchase of the collections of Sir Hans Sloane and the Harleian collection of manuscripts. To this was added the library of Sir Robert Cotton, which had formed the nucleus of the Museum. The British Museum was opened to the public (in Monatagu House, Bloomsbury); admission was by ticket only. A number of antiquities from Egypt, including the Rosetta Stone, were presented to the Museum by George III, following the defeat of Napoleon and the subsequent Treaty of Alexandria in 1801. Opening of the Townley Gallery. 1816 The sculptures from the Parthenon, which had been acquired by Lord Elgin, were presented to the Museum, having been bought for the nation for £35, 000. 1823 The Trustees agreed to accept the library of King George III which was donated by George IV. A new building for the Museum became essential as Montagu House was already in a decaying condition. Robert Smirke was assigned the task, as one of the three attached architects to the Office of Works, to design the new building. Work started in the same year and the project took 30 years to complete. 1828 The King George III library was transferred to the Museum. 1842-5 Montagu House was demolished. 1847 The new entrance hall was opened. 1852 Montagu House Gatehouse and wall were replaced by railings and a wall along Great Russell Street. 1880-3 The Natural History section was transferred to new premises at South Kensington. 1907 The foundation stone of the King Edward VII galleries was laid by the King. The galleries took six years to complete and were opened in 1914 by King George V. 1914-18 The Museum suffered no serious damage in the First World War: a piece of shrapnel entered the Iron Library and ripped the backs off two books. Some of the most valuable objects were stored in the newly completed Postal Tube Railway and later in the National Libray of Wales. Objects too heavy to move were sandbagged. 1938-9 The building of the Duveen Gallery was completed, but the outbreak of war delayed the installation of the Parthenon Sculptures. The architect was John Russell Pope who had designed the National Gallery of Art in Washington. The Duveen gallery was hit by a small bomb in 1940, causing a fair amount of damage to the interior. 1939-45 The Second World War. All objects of first importance that could be transported were sent ot of London or stored in an unused stretch of the London Underground. The heavier sculptures were placed in the basement or left in situ, protected by sandbags and blast walls. 1941 A cluster of incendiary bombs fell on the Museum on the night of 10 May, causing serious fires and over 250, 000 books were lost. The Museum was closed until 24 April 1946, although a skeleton service was provided for readers in the North Library. 1962 The restored]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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            <title>The History Of The Great British Museum</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-the_history_of_the_great_british_museum.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: The British Museum is one of the greatest museums of the world. It was founded by Act of Parliament in 1753 and is now governed under the British Museum Act 1963. General management and control are vested in a Board of twenty-five Trustees (one appointed by the Sovereign, fifteen by the Prime Minister, four nominated by Learned societies and five elected by the Trustees themselves. The Museum is largely funded by a government grant-in-aid administered by the Department of Culture, Media and Sport. Additional income is also secured through sponsorship and a wide range of commercial and fund-raising activities. The British Museum Company is responsible for the sale of publications and fund-raising activities. The British Museum Company is responsible for the sale of publications and replicas and also operates a tour company, British Museum Traveller. There are a number of active supporters groups including the British Museum Friends, and its Young Friends, Patrons Associates, the Townley Group, Caryatids, Friends of the Ancient Near East and Japanese Friends. The Museum now holds national collections of antiquities; coins, medals and paper money; ethnography; and prints and drawings. Its natural history collections were transferred to South Kensington in the 1880s, becoming the Natural History Museum. The library collections (Printed Books, Manuscripts, Maps, Music and Stamps) became part of the British Library in 1973 and have now gone to a new building at St Pancras. The main Museum buildings are in Bloomsbury. The core consists of buildings of a floor area of about 600, 000 square feet, designed by Sir Robert and Sidney Smirke and erected between the 1820s and 1850s. Major subsequent additions totalling about 340, 000 square feet consists of the Classical and Assyrian Sculpture Galleries (1850s-1870s), the White Wing (1884), the King Edward VII Building (1914), the Duveen Gallery (1939/62) and the New Wing (1979/80). With the departure of the British Library the Museum has embarked upon a programme of development leading up to its 250th birthday in 2003. The glass-covered Great Court, opened 7 December 2001 is the centrepiece of the project.]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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        <item>
            <title>The History Of Valentines Day</title>
            <link>http://www.tocilar.ro/referat_scolar~categorie-engleza~nume-the_history_of_valentines_day.html</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Extras din referat: Valentines Day started in the time of the Roman Empire. In ancient Rome, February 14th was a holiday to honor Juno. Juno was the Queen of the Roman Gods and Goddesses. The Romans also knew her as the Goddess of women and marriage. The following day, February 15th, began the Feast of Lupercalia. The lives of young boys and girls were strictly separate. However, one of the customs of the young people was name drawing. On the eve of the festival of Lupercalia the names of Roman girls were written on slips of paper and placed into jars. Each young man would draw a girls name from the jar and would then be partners for the duration of the festival with the girl whom he chose. Sometimes the pairing of the children lasted an entire year, and often, they would fall in love and would later marry. Under the rule of Emperor Claudius II Rome was involved in many bloody and unpopular campaigns. Claudius the Cruel was having a difficult time getting soldiers to join his military leagues. He believed that the reason was that roman men did not want to leave their loves or families. As a result, Claudius cancelled all marriages and engagements in Rome. The good Saint Valentine was a priest at Rome in the days of Claudius II. He and Saint Marius aided the Christian martyrs and secretly married couples, and for this kind deed Saint Valentine was apprehended and dragged before the Prefect of Rome, who condemned him to be beaten to death with clubs and to have his head cut off. He suffered martyrdom on the 14th day of February, about the year 270. At that time it was the custom in Rome, a very ancient custom, indeed, to celebrate in the month of February the Lupercalia, feasts in honor of a heathen god. On these occasions, amidst a variety of pagan ceremonies, the names of young women were placed in a box, from which they were drawn by the men as chance directed. The pastors of the early Christian Church in Rome endeavored to do away with the pagan element in these feasts by substituting the names of saints for those of maidens. And as the Lupercalia began about the middle of February, the pastors appear to have chosen Saint Valentines Day for the celebration of this new feast. So it seems that the custom of young men choosing maidens for valentines, or saints as patrons for the coming year, arose in this way.]]></description>
            <author>Tocilar.ro - IntelliSynaptics Software Development S.R.L.</author>
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